All of the following signals can cause conformational change in the receptors without actually crossing the plasma membrane except? O a. Steroid hormone receptors. Ob. Tyrosine kinase receptors. Oc. Voltage gated-ion channels. Od.G protein-coupled receptors.
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- You learned in this chapter that Na+/K+ active transport pumps in the plasma membrane of the axons are responsible for creating the imbalance between Na+ and K+ inside and outside of the neuron that produces the resting membrane potential. In early research studying the role of ions and the involvement of active transport of ions in neural signaling, investigators used the giant axon of a squid as a model. The diameter of a giant axon is far greater than that of a mammalian axon, which enabled researchers to isolate it easily and use it in in vitro experiments. In one early experiment, researchers investigated the active transport of Na+ out of the axon in response to the presence of cyanide. Experimentally they hooked up a section of axon to a syringe, immersed the axon in artificial seawater, introduced radioactive 22Na (as 22NaCl) into the axon, and then quantified the transport of 22Na out through the axons plasma membrane. The rate of 22Na transport out of the axon was determined by measuring the radioactivity released into the fluid sur- rounding the axon over a period of time. The Figure shows the results of the experiment. What is the effect of cyanide on Na1 transport out of the squid axon? How do the data show the effect? Source: P. C. Caldwell et al. 1960. The effects of injecting energy-rich phosphate compounds on the active transport of ions in the giant axons of Loligo. The Journal of Physiology 152:561590. Cengage Learning 2017mbing fiber depolarizes mbrane potential to en Ca2+ channels. tage-gated channel 2+ Ca²+ Release 2+ Ca²+ Endoplasmic reticulum removal of AMPA receptors from the postsynaptic membrane. insertion of AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane O increase in intracellular Ca2+ via voltage-gated Ca2+ channels O DAG- and Ca2+-mediated activation of PKC increase in intracellular Ca2+ via endoplasmic reticulum IP3 receptorsWhich statement best describes the interaction that occurs as a result of the binding of a ligand to a ligand-gated ion channel receptor? A B с D ligand extracellular environment gate closed inactive ligand-gated ion channel receptor ions The process permanently opens or closes the ion channel. cytoplasm The process alters the membrane potential by changing the intracellular ionic concentration. The process causes G proteins to bind with GTP and become activated. The process removes three sodium ions from the cell and brings in two potassium ions.
- When protein membrane receptors are activated, what usually happens? The receptors open and close in response to protein signals. A change occurs on only one membrane surface: exterior or interior. The receptor preferentially binds with lipid or glycolipid signal molecules. O A change occurs in intracellular ion concentration. O The receptor changes conformation after binding with the ligand.During neuronal signaling, a change in membrane potential will cause sodium channelsto open and let Na+ ions diffuse down their concentration gradient into the cell. Whichof the following helps establish the concentration gradient necessary for this process tooccur?Except for?, all of the following signals may trigger receptor conformational changes without reaching the plasma membrane. o a. Receptors for steroid hormones. Tyrosine kinase receptors are a kind of receptor that binds to tyrosine phosphatase. Voltage-gated ion channels (OC). G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).
- Arrange following the boxed information in sequence regarding the dissociation and reassociation of G proteins following the activation of a G protein coupled receptor. GTP-bound Ga, dissociates from B and y cuhunits Gas exchanges GTP for GDP Gas reassociates with By subunits and the rorentor reforms Binding of the ligand to a G-protein rounled recentor GTP-bound Gas binds and activates adenvlul rurlase GTP is hydrolyzed and GDP bound Gas suhunit dissoriates Conformational change Increased synthesis of CAMP from ATPWhich of these molecules is most likely to interact with an intracellular receptor? НО НО. H₂N ОН ОН ID Н Н NH₂ ОН NH2When opened, the ligand-gated cation channels do not allow diffusion of Cl-because :-a- the size of Cl- is bigger than the bore of the channelsb- intracellular negativity causes complete inhibition of Cl- influxc- the channels are specific for diffusion of Na + onlyd- the inner surface of the channels is negatively charged
- Neurotransmitters of inhibitory signal makes the membrane potential more positive. Select one: O True O False Hydrophobic signals after binding to the cell-surface receptors activate downstream signal transduction proteins inside the cells. Select one: O True O FalseWhich two ideas about ion channels of a neuron at its resting potential are true? O ion channels are always closed, but ions move closer to the channels during excitation O ion channels open in response to stimuli and then close simultaneously, in unison O ion channels are always open, but the concentration gradients of ions frequently change O ion channels open and close depending on chemical messengers and are nonspecific as to which ion can traverse them O ion channels open and close depending on stimuli and are specific as to which ion can traverse them MacBook Pro Q %24 %23Classify each phrase as describing ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels, or both. Ligand-gated ion channels a form of passive transport Voltage-gated ion channels include the acetylcholine receptor change conformation in response to changing membrane potential Answer Bank may participate in an action potential Both change conformation in response to a signal molecule binding