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Variance Analysis
In layman's terms, variance analysis is an analysis of a difference between planned and actual behavior. Variance analysis is mainly used by the companies to maintain a control over a business. After analyzing differences, companies find the reasons for the variance so that the necessary steps should be taken to correct that variance.
Standard Costing
The standard cost system is the expected cost per unit product manufactured and it helps in estimating the deviations and controlling them as well as fixing the selling price of the product. For example, it helps to plan the cost for the coming year on the various expenses.
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- Cicleta Manufacturing has four activities: receiving materials, assembly, expediting products, and storing goods. Receiving and assembly are necessary activities; expediting and storing goods are unnecessary. The following data pertain to the four activities for the year ending 20x1 (actual price per unit of the activity driver is assumed to be equal to the standard price): Required: 1. Prepare a cost report for the year ending 20x1 that shows value-added costs, non-value-added costs, and total costs for each activity. 2. Explain why expediting products and storing goods are non-value-added activities. 3. What if receiving cost is a step-fixed cost with each step being 1,500 orders whereas assembly cost is a variable cost? What is the implication for reducing the cost of waste for each activity?Method of Least Squares, Predicting Cost for Different Time Periods from the One Used to Develop a Cost Formula Refer to the information for Farnsworth Company on the previous page. However, assume that Tracy has used the method of least squares on the receiving data and has gotten the following results: Required: 1. Using the results from the method of least squares, prepare a cost formula for the receiving activity. 2. Using the formula from Requirement 1, what is the predicted cost of receiving for a month in which 1,450 receiving orders are processed? (Note: Round your answer to the nearest dollar.) 3. Prepare a cost formula for the receiving activity for a quarter. Based on this formula, what is the predicted cost of receiving for a quarter in which 4,650 receiving orders are anticipated? Prepare a cost formula for the receiving activity for a year. Based on this formula, what is the predicted cost of receiving for a year in which 18,000 receiving orders are anticipated?Potter Company has installed a JIT purchasing and manufacturing system and is using back-flush accounting for its cost flows. It currently uses a two-trigger approach with the purchase of materials as the first trigger point and the completion of goods as the second trigger point. During the month of June, Potter had the following transactions: 40,500 labor plus 222,750 overhead. There were no beginning or ending inventories. All goods produced were sold with a 60 percent markup. Any variance is closed to Cost of Goods Sold. (Variances are recognized monthly.) Required: Prepare the journal entries for the month of June using backflush costing, assuming that Potter uses the sale of goods as the second trigger point instead of the completion of goods.
- Scattergraph, High-Low Method, and Predicting Cost for a Different Time Period from the One Used to Develop a Cost Formula Refer to the information for Farnsworth Company on the previous page. Required: 1. Prepare a scattergraph based on the 10 months of data. Does the relationship appear to be linear? 2. Using the high-low method, prepare a cost formula for the receiving activity. Using this formula, what is the predicted cost of receiving for a month in which 1,450 receiving orders are processed? 3. Prepare a cost formula for the receiving activity for a quarter. Based on this formula, what is the predicted cost of receiving for a quarter in which 4,650 receiving orders are anticipated? Prepare a cost formula for the receiving activity for a year. Based on this formula, what is the predicted cost of receiving for a year in which 18,000 receiving orders are anticipated? Use the following information for Problems 3-60 and 3-61: Farnsworth Company has gathered data on its overhead activities and associated costs for the past 10 months. Tracy Heppler, a member of the controllers department, has convinced management that overhead costs can be better estimated and controlled if the fixed and variable components of each overhead activity are known. One such activity is receiving raw materials (unloading incoming goods, counting goods, and inspecting goods), which she believes is driven by the number of receiving orders. Ten months of data have been gathered for the receiving activity and are as follows:Sitka Industries uses a cost system that carries direct materials inventory at a standard cost. The controller has established these standards for one ladder (unit): Sitka Industries made 3,000 ladders in July and used 8,800 pounds of material to make these units. Smith Industries bought 15,500 pounds of material in the current period. There was a $250 unfavorable direct materials price variance. A. How much in total did Sitka pay for the 15,500 pounds? B. What is the direct materials quantity variance? C. What is the total direct material cost variance? D. What ii 9,500 pounds were used to make these ladders, what would be the direct materials quantity variance? E. It there was a $340 favorable direct materials price variance, how much did Sitka pay for the 15,500 pounds of material?H.J. Heinz Company uses standards to control its materials costs. Assume that a batch of ketchup (7,650 pounds) has the following standards: The actual materials in a batch may vary from the standard due to tomato characteristics. Assume that the actual quantities of materials for batch 08-99 were as follows: a.Determine the standard unit materials cost per pound for a standard batch. b.Determine the direct materials quantity variance for batch 08-99.
- The Mulenga & Co. Ltd is a single-product manufacturing company, which uses a marginal costing system for internal management purposes. The year-end external reports are converted to absorption costs. Variances are charged to the cost of goods sold. The following data refers to the years ended 31 December 2020 and 2021: 2020 2021 K K Sales price per unit 80 90 Standard marginal cost per unit: Direct materials 21 23 Direct Labour…The Shatontola Co. Ltd is a single-product manufacturing company, which uses a marginal costing system for internal management purposes. The year-end external reports are converted to absorption costs. Variances are charged to the cost of goods sold. The following data refers to the years ended 31 December 2020 and 2021: 2020 2021 K K Sales price per unit 80 90 Standard marginal cost per unit: Direct materials 21 23 Direct Labour…Variances and Journal Entries Jacobs Company manufactures a single product and uses a standard costing system. The nature of its product dictates that it be sold in the period it is produced. Thus, no ending work in process or finished goods inventories remain at the end of the period. However, raw materials can be stored and are purchased in bulk when prices are favorable. Per-unit standard product costs are material, $8 (4 pounds); labor, $6 (0.5 hour); and variable overhead, $4 (based on direct labor hours). Budgeted fixed overhead is $54,000. Jacobs accounts for all inventories and cost of goods sold at standard cost and records each variance in a separate account. The following data relate to May when 17,700 finished units were produced. a. Assume Jacobs purchased 69,000 pounds of raw materials on account at $2.20 per pound and used 67,000 pounds in May's production, prepare a journal entry to record the purchase of raw materials and a separate journal entry to record the use of…
- Smith Industries uses a cost system that carries direct materials inventory at a standard cost. The controller has established these standards for the cost of one basket (unit): Direct materials Direct labor Total prime cost Standard Quantity 5 pounds 1.25 hours ● Variance Material Price X NOTE: All dollar amounts are rounded to whole dollars and shown with "$" and commas as needed (i.e. $12,345). For the variance conditions, your answer is either "F" (for Favorable) or "U" (for Unfavorable) - capital letter and no quotes. Material Quantity Standard Price Smith Industries made 3,000 baskets in July and used 15,500 pounds of material to make these units. Smith Industries paid $39,370 for the 15,500 pounds of material. Complete the following table of variances and their conditions: Total DM Cost Variance $2.60 per pound $12.00 per hour Standard Cost $18.00 $15.00 $33.00 Variance Amount 10 Favorable (F) or Unfavorable (U)Maney Televisions utilizes a traditional overhead allocation method, and has determined that overhead costs are driven by direct labor hours. Relevant cost information is provided below. Total estimated overhead costs $650,000 Total estimated DL hours 130,000 Actual overhead costs $640,300 Actual DL hours 127,500 The unadjusted cost of goods sold balance at the end of the year is $56,000. What is the overhead variance? Please provide your answer as a positive number rounded to the nearest whole dollar.Matt Company uses a standard cost system. Information for raw materials for Product RBI for the month of October is as follows: P1.60 Standard unit price P1.55 2,000 units Actual purchase price per unit Actual quantity purchased Actual quantity used 1,900 units 1,800 units Standard quantity allowed for actual production What is the materials purchase price variance?