18. Shown below are the results of a series of coinfections of E. coli B using T4 rlI- strains similar to those employed by Benzer in his deletion mapping experiment. Each strain contains a different deletion mutation. The ability to produce wild-type progeny phage is indicated by (+), (0) indicates no wild-type progeny. A D A B D E Which order of deletions is most consistent with this data? a. CDBEA b. DCEAB C. ABECD d. CDEAB e. EDCBA
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- 28. In a transformation experiment, DNA is collected from an E. coli donor strain of genotype cys(+) leu(-) thr(+) and used to transform a recipient of genotype cys(-) leu(+) thr(-). Initially, the treated recipient population is plated on a minimal medium supplemented with threonine. Many colonies are obtained. What are possible genotypes of these colonies? A. cys(-) leu(+) thr(+) B. cys(+) leu(+) thr(-) C. All are cys(+) and either + or - for leu and thr D. All are thr(+) and either + or - for cys and leu E. All are thr(-) cys(-) and either + or - - for CYSDraw a diagram/figure to explain the conjugation process (. You should include in the diagram the F- recipient, Hfr Donor and the transconjugant/recombinant recipient. Make sure to include the genes encoding for Leucine, Threonine, Thiamine and Streptomycin resistance in your diagram. How does an Hfr strain of coli transfers chromosomal DNA to an F- strain? What determines how much of the chromosomal DNA is transferred?By conducting conjugation experiments between Hfr and recipientstrains, Wollman and Jacob mapped the order of many bacterialgenes. Throughout the course of their studies, they identified severaldifferent Hfr strains in which the F-factor DNA had been integratedat different places along the bacterial chromosome. A sample of theirexperimental results is shown in the following table:Explain how these results are consistent with the idea that thebacterial chromosome is circular?
- Bacteriophage P22 was used in generalised transduction experiments to infect the Salmonella typhimurium donor strains described in the table below. The resulting phage lysates were then used to infect the recipient strains of S. typhimurium recipient strains listed in the table. In each cross, a phenotype was selected for one of the selected for one of the three genetic markers studied (str, aceA, thrA), and were made to select the recombinants corresponding to the other two markers. markers. The results are given in the following table: Strain I donor str thrA aceA thrA str aceA+ Strain recipient strs thrA+ aceA thrA str aceA Phenotype selected Str Ace+ Str recombinants selected ThrA ThrA ThrA ThrA Ace Ace Number 60 40 95 5 10 90 str: gene involved in streptomycin resistance, aceA: gene involved in the use of acetate as a carbon source, thrA: gene involved in threonine biosynthesis. 1) What are the selective media used in these three transduction experiments? to obtain the selected…The following table lists 4 bacterial strains that are partial diploids for lac operon genes. Given the activity of beta-galactosidase measured for each strain in the absence (-lac) or presence (+lac) of lactose, complete the table by choosing the appropriate symbol (+, -, C, S) to indicate the allele of the gene or site missing from the table (blue numbers). strain A BC 5 C D 7 chromosome I O 1 2 4 1 [Select] 9 3 [Select] [Select] [Select] 9 [Select] + + Z + + 6 + I +5 + 10 plasmid O 3 + 7 C Z + 8 8 2 [Select] 4 [Select] 6 [Select] B-gal act. -lac +lac 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.058 0.063 0.121 0.059 0.062 Select] 1 ✔ [ Select] + is C SIn a generalized-transduction experiment, phages arecollected from an E. coli donor strain of genotype cys+leu+ thr+ and used to transduce a recipient of genotypecys- leu- thr-. Initially, the treated recipient populationis plated on a minimal medium supplemented with leucine and threonine. Many colonies are obtained.a. What are the possible genotypes of these colonies?b. These colonies are then replica plated onto threedifferent media: (1) minimal plus threonine only, (2)minimal plus leucine only, and (3) minimal. Whatgenotypes could, in theory, grow on these three media?c. Of the original colonies, 56 percent are observed togrow on medium 1, 5 percent on medium 2, and nocolonies on medium 3. What are the actual genotypes ofthe colonies on media 1, 2, and 3?d. Draw a map showing the order of the three genes andwhich of the two outer genes is closer to the middle gene
- F ′strains in E. coli are derived from Hfr strains. In some cases, these F ′strains show a high rate of integration back into the bacterial chromosome of a second strain. Furthermore, the site of integration is often the site occupied by the sex factor in the original Hfr strain (before production of the F ′strains). Explain these results.Bacteriophage T4 has a linear double-stranded DNA genome, yet mapping many mutations, as shown in Figure, generates a circular linkage map. How might you explain this discrepancy?1a.The complete genotype of the host yeast strain is MATa ade2 his3 leu2 met15 ura3. Name one advantage of using a yeast strain with auxotrophies for several genes (i.e. his3, leu2 and ura3). b.)After successful CRIPSR editing, the yeast can later be “cured” of the recombinant CRISPR plasmid – that is, the plasmid is lost but the CRISPR edit is stably inherited. Write the new genotype of the yeast based on ADE6 gene.
- Nine rII− mutants of bacteriophage T4 were used inpairwise infections of E. coli K(λ) hosts. Six of themutations in these phages are point mutations; theother three are deletions. The ability of the doubly infected cells to produce progeny phages in large numbers is scored in the following chart.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 − − + + − − − + +2 − + + − − − + +3 − − + − + − −4 − + − + − −5 − − − + +6 − − − −7 − + +8 − −9 −The same nine mutants were then used in pairwise infections of E. coli B hosts. The production of progenyphages that can subsequently lyse E. coli K(λ) hosts isnow scored. In the table, 0 means the progeny do notproduce any plaques on E. coli K(λ) cells; − meansthat only a very few progeny phages produce plaques;and + means that many progeny produce plaques(more than 10 times as many as in the − cases).1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 − + + + + − − + +2 − + + + + − + +3 0 − + 0 + + −4 − + − + + +5 − + − + +6 0 0 − +7 0 + +8 − +9 −a. Which of the mutants are the three deletions? Whatcriteria did…Bacteriophage P22 was used in generalized transduction experiments to infect the Salmonella typhimurium donor strains described in the table below. The resulting phage lysates were then used to infect the S. typhimurium recipient strains listed in the table. In each cross, a phenotype was selected for one of the three genetic markers studied (str, aceA, thrA), and then replicates were performed to select the corresponding recombinants for the other two markers. The results are given in the following table: Recipient strain Selected phenotype Selected recombinants Donor strain str thrA aceA+ thrA str aceA+ strs thrA+ aceA thrA+ str aceA Str Ace+ Str ThrA ThrA+ ThrA ThrA+ Ace Ace str: gene involved in streptomycin resistance, aceA gene involved in the use of acetate as a carbon source, thrA: gene involved in the biosynthesis of threonine. Number 60 40 95 5 10 90 Determine the order of the genes and draw a genetic map showing this orderBy conducting conjugation experiments between Hfr and recipientstrains, Wollman and Jacob mapped the order of many bacterialgenes. Throughout the course of their studies, they identified severaldifferent Hfr strains in which the F-factor DNA had been integratedat different places along the bacterial chromosome. A sample of theirexperimental results is shown in the following table:Analyze data. Compare and contrast. Make a drawing.
