1. What is Heart Failure? Explain pathophysiology, treatment. mortality and goals of 2. Explain the roles of the following drugs in the treatment of heart failure: A. Diuretics B. Betablockers C. ACE - Inhibitors and ARBs
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- Explain whata re the current current therapeutics used in the treatment of heart failure. Provide examples.09.For Atrial Fibrillation, describe how the pathophysiological disorder or condition changes the basic anatomy and physiology of the human body system involved. Describe what could be the potential impact of these health problems regarding a person’s nursing care requirements.?15) Which of the following is not a predisposing factor for heart failure?() A Infection B Cardiac arrhythmia C Use of diuretics D Excessive sodium intake E Pregnancy
- a.06: Which one of the following drug is useful for the treatment of CCF, Hypertension, Cardiac Arrhythmia and Angina pectoris? a. Digoxin. b. Propranolol. c. Captopril. d. Losartan. e. Furesamide4. Pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmia?8. Define heart attack and infarct. How does atherosclerotic plaque affect the heart? 12. Explain how cardiac muscle cells in the SA node produce action potentials spontaneously and why the SA node is the heart’s pacemaker. 13. What is the function of the conduction system of the heart? Starting with the SA node, describe the route of an action potential as it goes through the conduction system of the heart.
- 5. Describe why heart failure is so often referred to as “congestive" heart failure.Suggest THREE (3) strategies to prevent heart disease.1) Please answer the following regarding Cardiovascular Drugs. A) What are the difference between the hypertensive drugs and list the drug corresponding to each category:1. Beta Blockers, 2.Calcium Channel Blockers, 3.Ace Inhibitor,4. Angiotensin II Blockers, 5. Diuretics. B) What are the difference between the cholesterol Lowering Agents and List the drugs corresponding to each category.
- 10. If given a diagram of the heart, such as the one below, be able to identify each of the following parts of the conduction system: • sinoatrial (SA) node • • . spread of SA through the 2 atria atrioventricular (AV) node ● • • • 11. Trace the flow of impulses through the conduction system (step by step) and include at what points the following happen: 2 atria contract together AV node delay occurs AV bundle (=bundle of His) bundle branches Purkinje fibers Focus F1. Match the heart structure with the description. Mediastinum A. The thinner, more delicate membrane that forms a double layer around the heart. Арех. B. Middle layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue C. Valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle - closes to prevent blood from going back into right atrium Fibrous pericardium Serous pericardium D. Anatomical region that extends from the stemum to the vertebral column, from the first rib to the diaphragm, and between the lungs. Location of the heart. Epicardium E. Chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it out to the pulmonary trunk through the pulmonary semilunar valve. F. Smooth, innermost layer of the heart wall in direct contact with the blood being pumped. Myocardium Endocardium G. Wrinkled pouch like structure on the anterior surface of each atrium - increase the capacity of the atria Auricle H. The pointed tip of…1. Age-related changes in the heart’s electrical conduction system such as fibrosis and loss of specialized cells and fibers in the SA node and fibrosis of AV node and left anterior fascicle contribute to the development of (choose all that apply): a. Normal heart rate at rest b. Increase in atrial ectopy (irregular, rapid heartbeats) c. Increase in episodes of bradycardia (slow heart rate) d. Increased incidence of heart block. 2. Describe 3 age-related changes in the lungs that have a negative impact on preventing lung infections.