Chapter 9 questions

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1) What is the maximum percentage of alcohol obtainable through fermentation alone? What would that be in "proof"? The max percentage is 15%, the proof would be 30. 2) In one paragraph, describe the history of Prohibition. When/why did it happen, and when/why was it repealed? In your answer, include some positive AND negative effects of Prohibition. Then describe one thing you found most interesting about this section. Starting in the 1950s, 13 states began passing prohibition laws, but by 1868 nine states repealed them. In 1874 The National Prohibition Party and the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union caused a second wave of statewide prohibition to move faster, developing in the 1880s. During the 1800s seven states took up prohibition laws with only four repealing them in 1896. In 1899 many men from different backgrounds and lifestyles came together to describe the saloon as more than a luxury that should and could be taken away rather, it was a lifestyle. They all had great emotion and connection to the saloons that many others were fighting to prohibit. Taking away a safe place like this for many people is a negative effect of prohibition. The WCTU was among those who had a major influence on decisions to prohibit alcohol. In the early 1900s, 34 states enforced prohibition and only 2 states repealed these laws. By 1917, 64 percent of the population was living in an area prohibition law was been enforced, and from 1908-1917 over 100,000 bars were closed. The prohibition law did not mean residents didn’t. They did, legally and illegally. It was considered illegal at speakeasies and other private clubs, but legally from different medicines that were widely available. In August 1917, a resolution was adopted and became the 18th amendment. It became apparent quickly that enforcing this law would not be easy, but it did help reduce alcohol-related deaths which was a positive effect. The 18th amendment was replaced by the 21st Amendment in 1933. Positive effects I believe would be men spending more time at home with their families because many women were heavily involved when trying to help push prohibition. 3) What did you learn from reading the section "Cultural Influences on Drinking" on pg. 208? How do different countries vary in their drinking patterns? How have trends in U.S. alcohol consumption changed over the last few decades? I learned that “extreme drinking” doesn’t always correlate closely to overall alcohol consumption. This can be seen in many countries that drink a great amount of wine but aren’t seen as extreme drinkings but are among the top counties or total per-capita alcohol consumption. Most western European countries drink 80 percent compared to other countries. Whereas countries with a high level of Muslim population have the lowest percentage. In the early 1980s alcohol consumption was at its highest. It was over 100% times less than what it was compared to in the mid 1990s. Going from 1.3

gallons of Ethanol to 0.1. It started rising again in the late 90’s and is still slowly but steadily increasing, up until 2019 when it seems to flatten out, but not nearly as much as it was in the 80s. 4) Using an online calculator like www.alcohol.org/bac-calculator/ Links to an external site. , provide an estimation of how many drinks consumed over what period of time would cause you to reach the legal BAC limit for driving under the influence. Going over one of any of these drinks I would be past the legal BAC in the first 30 minutes. 5) According to Life Saver "Signs of Alcohol Poisoning", what are 4 signs of alcohol poisoning and are 4 things someone should do to help? The person is unconscious or unable to answer simple questions. The breathing rate is slow or irregular. The person's skin is cold and clammy, pale, or has a bluish tinge. The person vomits and then loses consciousness. -6) Many studies have been conducted to understand the placebo effect on the behavioral effects of alcohol: a) Describe the 4 groups in these balanced placebo designs. b) Describe the general results of these studies. c) Describe one limitation of these studies. d) Last, see pg. 230 to answer: What is the abstinence violation effect and how does it relate to placebo studies? A) People who were told they were getting alcoholic drinks were divided into two groups, some getting alcoholic others getting non-alcoholic. The other two are people who were told they were getting non-alcoholic drinks being split the same way, some have alcoholic and some have non-alcoholic. B) Many effects on social behavior are strongly influenced by just expectancy even without having any. Reaction times and driving simulator results were shown as impaired even without the participant being aware of consumption. C) They can only use fairly low doses because the participants can become aware if there is enough alcohol being consumed. D) Couldn’t find the answer to this. -7) According to the "Time-Out" section of the textbook, what effect does alcohol have on people? Alcohol has the effect of having people feel like they are off duty. Not thinking about anything or anyone that isn't present at the time usually. Which can account for some violent and unthoughtful actions made.

8) About what proportion of U.S. traffic fatalities are considered to be alcohol related? How has this percentage changed since the early 1980s? What 3 tactics have been used to decrease drunk driving? In 1982, it was 60% and in 2018 it was half at 30%. The 3 tactics are: identifying repeat offenders and keeping them off the roads, publicizing in mass media the dangers, and targeting younger drinkers. 9) Re-read the section on "Sexual Behavior" (pp203-204). What is the role of expectancy in males' increased interest in sex after drinking? What other information in this "Sexual Behavior" section stood out to you? In men. Physiological measures of penile tumescence are correlated with self-reports of arousal. This links to the alcohol myopia theory, they tend to lean toward immediate gratification rather than be concerned by the outcomes of their actions. 11) When a rape is committed, how does the presence of alcohol influence how much blame people tend to assign to the perpetrator and the victim? Usually, when alcohol is present in the perpetrators there is less blame because he wasn’t in the right mind space and didn't know what he was doing. Whereas if it is present in the victim more blame is put on them for putting it on themselves. -10) Someone you know makes the statement: "Alcohol makes people more violent". Based on the reading, what is another way to explain the statistical correlation between alcohol and factors like assault and homicide? I would explain the alcohol myopia theory. This means when drinking people tend to focus more on the here and now and pay less attention to long-term consequences. 12) List 3 different reasons why people might experience a hangover after drinking. The body has excreted more fluid than was taken in with the alcohol. Alcohol causes fluid cells to move outside the body. Alcohol can a gastric irritant. 13) Describe the brain damage caused by chronic alcohol abuse. What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? Can brain damage be reversed if someone has been drinking heavily for many years? Describe the evidence that supports your answer. Chronic use can cause the internal spaces in the brain to be enlarged and the sulci in the cortex to widen. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a type of alcohol-related organic brain syndrome. It is associated with a deficiency of Vitamin B1 and can sometimes be corrected nutritionally. I would say it all depends on the person and situation. Some studies have shown to have improved within a few months of abstinence whereas others found no improvement and others found improvement in only some types of mental tasks and not others.

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