Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134261928
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 23.2, Problem 1MQ
- What is the evidence that "Chlorochromatium aggregatum" is a stable product of evolution?
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The endosymbiotic hypothesis for the origin of chloroplasts from gram-negative prokaryotes is supported by all of the following lines of evidence except:
the presence of enzymes for the light-dependent and the dark reactions of photosynthesis
the presence of circular DNA resembling that of photosynthetic eubacteria
the presence of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA similar to that of the cyanobacteria
their use of mitosis rather than binary fission during cell division
the presence of 70s ribosomes, consisting of 30s and 50s ribosomal subunits
In the three-domain model, the bacterial ancestor of chloroplasts derives from ancient
A) O fungi,
B) O phototrophic eyanobacteria
C) O heterotrophic bacteria.
D) O archaea.
E) O protists,
a) Describe some characteristics and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.b) How do the three domains of life differ from one another?c) Two of the organelles in eukaryotes, the mitochondrion and the chloroplast are believed to haveoriginated through a process of symbiosis. Discuss some of the theories of the origins ofmitochondria and chloroplasts
Chapter 23 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
Ch. 23.1 - What two microbes form a partnership in the lichen...Ch. 23.1 - Prob. 2MQCh. 23.1 - Prob. 1CRCh. 23.2 - What is the evidence that "Chlorochromatium...Ch. 23.2 - Prob. 2MQCh. 23.2 - How might nutrients be shuttled between phototroph...Ch. 23.2 - QWhat mechanisms do the consortia use to orient at...Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 1MQCh. 23.3 - Prob. 2MQCh. 23.3 - What is a bacteroid and what occurs within it?...
Ch. 23.3 - What are the major similarities and differences...Ch. 23.3 - QDescribe the steps in the development of root...Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 1MQCh. 23.4 - Prob. 2MQCh. 23.4 - How do mycorrhizal fungi promote plant diversity?Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 1CRCh. 23.5 - Prob. 1MQCh. 23.5 - How do the vir genes differ from T-DNA in the Ti...Ch. 23.5 - How has an understanding of crown gall disease...Ch. 23.5 - Prob. 1CRCh. 23.6 - Prob. 1MQCh. 23.6 - What are the consequences of symbiont genome...Ch. 23.6 - How could it be determined if a symbiont and its...Ch. 23.6 - QHow is it possible for aphids to feed only on the...Ch. 23.7 - How are anoxic conditions maintained in the...Ch. 23.7 - Why does reductive acetogenesis predominate over...Ch. 23.7 - Prob. 3MQCh. 23.7 - QHow do the microbial communities of higher and...Ch. 23.8 - Prob. 1MQCh. 23.8 - Prob. 2MQCh. 23.8 - How is the correct bacterial symbiont selected in...Ch. 23.9 - Prob. 1MQCh. 23.9 - What are the similarities of the obligate...Ch. 23.9 - Prob. 3MQCh. 23.9 - Prob. 1CRCh. 23.10 - What evidence suggest that the nematodes and their...Ch. 23.10 - What prevents other bacteria from colonizing the...Ch. 23.10 - QWhy are entomopathogenic nematodes so attractive...Ch. 23.11 - Prob. 1MQCh. 23.11 - What are the two mechanisms of Symbiodinium...Ch. 23.11 - Prob. 3MQCh. 23.11 - Prob. 1CRCh. 23.12 - Prob. 1MQCh. 23.12 - Prob. 2MQCh. 23.12 - Prob. 1CRCh. 23.13 - Prob. 1MQCh. 23.13 - Prob. 2MQCh. 23.13 - Prob. 3MQCh. 23.13 - QGive an example of a single microbial species...Ch. 23 - Imagine that you have discovered a new animal that...Ch. 23 - Prob. 2AQ
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- Isoprene serves as a building block not only for the hydrocarbons observed in archaeal membranes but also for sterols, carotenoids, retinal, and quinones. Use any resources necessary to identify the function of these other isoprene-based molecules and to determine their distribution in nature. What does the use of isoprene to make this diverse array of molecules suggest about the nature of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)?arrow_forwardWhat term best describes the following organisms: some with tetramembraneous chloroplasts, some with hairy flagellae, some with pseudopods; some with cuplike indentations in the cell membrane? a) Excavata. b) SAR. c) Plantae. d) Unikonta. The term protista refers to : a) A kingdom within the superkingom SAR. b) A kingdom within the superkingdom Excavata. c) It is a descriptive term or common name for unicellular, colonial, and some multicellular organisms that lack true tissues. d) A phylum within the Kingdom Metazoa. Which term best describes the following organism: a unicellular (single celled) eukaryote that has a single large mitochondrion, and causes Chagas disease or sleeping sickness. a) Hypermastigophora. b) Diplomonada. c) Algae. d) Trypanosoma. e) Rhizopoda. 4. What term best describes the following organism: a multicellular eukaryote with a chitinous cell wall that is an absorptive heterotroph? a) Fungi. b)…arrow_forward1. Why was the great oxygenation event important for mitochondrial development? a) In your own words, define symbiotic. 2. Chloroplasts and mitochondria both contain a circular DNA chromosome, and ribosomes. Why does this evidence support the theory of endosymbiosis as the mechanism for the origin of eukaryotic cells? a) Today, could mitochondria live independently of their eukaryotic cell host? Give two pieces of evidence to support your answer.arrow_forward
- Chloroplasts most likely originated from which of these independent organisms? a) Cyanobacteria b) Purple sulfur bacteria c) Gamma-proteobacteria d) Anoxygenic phototrophsarrow_forwardVolvox carteri, an volvocine alga, has approximately 2000 somatic cells and only 16 reproductive or germ line cells. The observation that multicellular individuals, like Volvox, have a much smaller subset of germ line cells compared to somatic cells appears to be general rule. Which of the following is the best evolutionary explanation for why this is the case? A) Organisms can biologically only contain a small number of germ line cells as they are always larger than somatic cells. B) Multicellular individuals with a germ line vs. somatic cell line differentiation only evolved a single time, thus all members of this lineage share the same scheme of more soma cells with a much smaller subset of germ line cells. C) Having a smaller subset of reproductive cells helps reduce the likelihood of cheating from evolving, which in turns prevents the collapse of the multicellular individual system. D) None of the above.arrow_forwardWhich of the following most likely acquired chloroplasts from secondary endosymbiosis?arrow_forward
- What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory?arrow_forwardThe concept of endosymbiosis as applied to chloroplast and mitochondria found in eukaryotes: a) is based on evidence that Chloroplasts and Mitochondria were originally prokaryotes, b) changes present day animals into plants, c) explains how chemical evolution caused the appearance of life, d) allowed chloroplasts to carry out aerobic metabolism, e) all are true.arrow_forwardWhat is the evidence that the metamonads, which lack mitochondria, derive from ancestors that had mitochondria rather than from ancestors that were in lineages that never contained mitochondria?arrow_forward
- You are conducting a study of comparing human, chlamydomonas and Cyanobacteria. Which is a protein found in both chlymydomoans and humans but not in Cyanobacteria. a) mitochondrial receptor protein b) atp synthase c) citrate synthase of citric acid cycle d) ribosome proteinarrow_forwardWhich of these would be evidence against endosymbiosis? a) chloroplast have their own DNA O b) their structure resembles that of prokaryotes O c) the presence of one membrane O d) chloroplast resemble cyanobacteriaarrow_forwardHow was Brocadia anammoxidan named? What or who was it named after? (Organisms are often named for where they were found, unique morphological or metabolic features, name of the person who discovered it, etc. Attempt both genus and species name. For example, if my organism was Xanthomonas oryzae, I would Google “Xanthomonas word origin.” and “oryzae word origin.” Often a word origin is Greek or Latin, so Google your word followed by “Greek” or “Latin”)arrow_forward
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