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- A survey of Canadian males was performed in during the 1980s. 52% of adult males smoked. The lifetime probability of getting lung cancer in male smokers was 17.2% compared to 1.3% in non-smoking males. c)Use your probability tree to calculate the following: An elderly Canadian male developed cancer What is the probability that he smoked? Pr[smoke | cancer] = ? pls help me with the following and explain. thank youIn a study, where the causal relationship between alcohol drinking and colon cancer was studied, there were 2000 people who consume alcohol and there were 2000 people who do not consume alcohol. These populations were followed up for 10 years and after the following period there were 280 people who had colon cancer in alcohol drinker group, compared with 100 people having colon cancer in the non-drinker group. (e) Interpret your finding in the question What was the relative risk of having colon cancer risk in alcohol drinkers (what does the relative risk you found out)? explain in great detailThe following table was taken from a paper published in 1939. The authors established the smoking habits of 172 men, half of whom had been diagnosed with lung cancer and half of whom were healthy. This was one of the very first studies which sought to establish whether a link existed between exposure to tobacco and lung cancer. Lung cancer cases Healthy men Heavy smokers 56 31 Light smokers 27 41 Non- smokers 3 14 Total 86 86 1. What can you conclude about the smoking habits of the general population from these results? 2. What proportion of lung cancer cases were heavy smokers? What proportion of healthy men were heavy smokers? 3. On the basis of a comparison of the proportions in Q2, do you consider that a reasonable doctor in 1939 who had read the paper should have advised his patients not to smoke? 4. What information would you need to estimate the extent to which the health of the population is affected by smoking?
- On average, Black Americans have shorter life expectancies than White Americans. Which of the following contributes to this difference? A. In recent years, alcohol and opioid abuse have had the biggest impact on life expectancies for Black Amerians relative to any other racial or ethnic groups. B. Black Americans are more likely to have regualr cancer screenings and so have a higher recorded incidence of cancer. C. The youngest generations of Black American are less health than older generations, so health amoung Black Americans has been getting worse over time. D. Black Americans ten to receive lower-quality care and spend less time with medical practitioners than White Americans do.Researchers are starting to feel pretty confident that daily alcohol consumption is CAUSALLY linked with liver cancer. What do you think is the most important other Hill’s criterion that researchers would like to have that would make them feel even more strongly about causality in this relationship?Look at the question here___ Suppose a study looking at the association between smoking and bladder cancer found an odds ratio = 2.4. What would be the best way to interpret this? (Select one answer.) Smokers are 140% times as likely to develop bladder cancer compared to non-smokers. People with bladder cancer are about 40% more likely to be smokers compared to people who don't have bladder cancer. Smokers have a 2.4 % more risk of bladder cancer compared to nonsmokers. Smokers have 2.4 times the risk of developing bladder cancer compared to non-smokers.?
- Suppose a study looking at the association between smoking and bladder cancer found an odds ratio = 2.4. What would be the best way to interpret this? (Select one answer.) Smokers are 140% times as likely to develop bladder cancer compared to non-smokers. People with bladder cancer are about 40% more likely to be smokers compared to people who don't have bladder cancer. Smokers have a 2.4 % more risk of bladder cancer compared to nonsmokers. Smokers have 2.4 times the risk of developing bladder cancer compared to non-smokers.Studies have shown that there are significant differences in cancer rates among different ethnic groups. For example, the Japanese have very high rates of colon cancer but very low rates of breast cancer. It has also been demonstrated that when members of low-risk ethnic groups move to high-risk areas, their cancer risks rise to those of the high-risk area. For example, Japanese who live in the United States, where the risk of breast cancer is high, have higher rates of breast cancer than do Japanese who live in Japan. What are some of the possible explanations for this phenomenon? What factors may explain why the Japanese have higher rates of colon cancer than do other ethnic groups?What was a key finding from research that contributed to the widely accepted fact that smoking leads to an increased lung cancer risk? (Choose the best answer) The retrospective data showed that smoking or not was a difference in past habits between those with cancer and those without. Patients who had lung cancer were 17 times to 1 more likely to smoke more than 2 packs a day. In a prospective study, researchers surveyed two hundred thousand people about their smoking habits and then kept track of them for 4 years. The data indicated that people who smoke cigarettes had a lung cancer rate that was 10 times larger than those who had never smoked. Rsearchers in a lab painted tar on animals and tracked whether they got cancerwhile controlling for all extraneous variables. The animals they covered in tar were more likely to contract cancer. All of the above studies contributed to this now-accepted knowledge. None of the above.…
- If the risk of a particular type of cancer is expressed as 32 excess fatalities per 10,000 per Sv, how many excess fatalities would we expect in a poppulation of 3,000 exposed to 400mSv?The relationship between use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) during peri-and post menopause periods and breast cancer was explored in a study involving 400 breast cancer cases and 800 non-cases. In this study it was found that 198 cases and 250 of controls had confirm that they used HRT. Calculated the population attributable risk of use of HRT on breast cancer and explain in words the meaning of such finding, make sure all calculation are revealed. What do you think about the classification of HRT use in this way could this invites error?What is the Scientific basis of Risk for altered growth and development related to the congenital heart defect.?That coming from NANDA book.