Which of the following molecules is designed to deliver drugs to the body cells? O a. Proteasome O b. Lysosome O C. Liposome O d. Electroporation O e. Lysozyme
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- E VG ✓H NA MATEN Match each letter (A through G) to its description. B A ya pada saat ada para a H F காலிமாம்ம் P S —— 1. Receptor 2. RNA 3. Lysosome 4. DNA 5. Ribosome 6. Ligand 7. Kinase domain 8. Nucleus 9. Mitochondria 10. Phosphorylated transcription factor 11. Dephosphorylated transcription factor 12. Plasma membraneg protein D. Growth factor receptor ng Tool 0 Q ing C. Growth factor-binding protein D. Growth factor receptor E. Transcription activator A child with retinoblastoma is found to have a 13q14 deletion. The Rb gene, which resides at this locus, produces which kind of tumor-associated protein? A. Cell cycle regulator B. Growth factor ㅂ분 요 9 12 W □ @ 2 C Edit in Paint 8 60 8 FocusA current focus of molecular medicine is to trigger or promote apoptosis of specific cells. several components of the apoptotic pathways are being targeted using this approach. for each of the following, state specifically how the treatment would be expected to stimulate or inhbit apoptosis. b. exposing cells to recombinant TRAIL protein, a ligand for thr tumor necrosis factor family of receptors
- Based on its molecular structure what would you expect to be the biological mechanism of the hypothetical anti-cancer drug shown below. OH OMe OMe ö HỌ HỌ Please choose one: a. DNA intercalation b. Dihydrofolate reductase inhibition c. DNA strand breaking D. DNA alkylation to Estrogen eceptor modulationArtificially induced apoptosis (controlled cellular death) is found to be an effective treat- ment for some forms of cancer. Which of the following describes the most likely mechanism by which apoptosis might be induced? A B с D by causing ribosomes to increase the rate of protein synthesis by triggering the division of mitochondria in the cell to increase ATP production by increasing the expression of membrane-bound glucose protein channels by causing lysosomes to release digestive enzymes into the cytosolProto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes in a numberof different ways. In some cases, the proto-oncogene itselfbecomes amplified up to hundreds of times in a cancer cell.An example is the cyclin D1 gene, which is amplified in somecancers. In other cases, the proto-oncogene may be mutatedin a limited number of specific ways, leading to alterations inthe gene product’s structure. The ras gene is an example of aproto-oncogene that becomes oncogenic after suffering pointmutations in specific regions of the gene. Explain why thesetwo proto-oncogenes (cyclin D1 and ras) undergo such differentalterations to convert them into oncogenes
- Certain hormones, such as epinephrine, can increase the levels ofcAMP within cells. Let’s suppose you pretreat cells with or withoutepinephrine and then prepare a cell extract that contains theCREB protein.You then use an electrophoretic mobility shift assay to analyzethe ability of the CREB protein to bind to a DNA fragmentcontaining a cAMP response element (CRE). Describe what theexpected results would be.One major goal of modern cancer therapy is toidentify small molecules—anticancer drugs—that canbe used to inhibit the products of specific cancer-criticalgenes. If you were searching for such molecules, wouldyou design inhibitors for the products of oncogenes orthe products of tumor suppressor genes? Explain why youwould (or would not) select each type of gene.Why is it important to model cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells ? Explain in detail the main findings.
- Our government has finite funds to devote to cancer research.Discuss which of the following areas of research you think shouldreceive the most funding.A. Identifying and characterizing oncogenes and tumorsuppressorgenesB. Identifying agents in our environment that cause cancerC. Identifying viruses that cause cancer D. Devising methods aimed at killing cancer cells in the bodyE. Informing the public of the risks involved in exposure tocarcinogensIn the long run, in which of these areas would you expect successfulresearch to be the most effective in decreasing human mortalitydue to cancer?Wilms tumor 1, or nephroblastoma, is caused by mutations in the WT1 gene, which encodes a transcription factor. You have identified a novel variant in WT1: Arg422Pro. You have control cells and cells that have been engineered to carry the homozygous WT1 p.Arg422Pro mutation. You want to assess effects of this mutation on a variety of endpoints. For each endpoint listed below, choose the one technique is best suited to answer the question. Choose from: array CGH, qRT-PCR, qPCR, RNA-seq, FISH, in situ hybridization, western blot, immunostaining, WT1 ChIP-seq, WT1 ChIP-PCR, ATAC-seq, 3C Endpoint Technique? WT1 protein amount (quantitative) Western blot WT1 protein binding to all enhancers, genome-wide Chip-seq WT1 mRNA amount (quantitative) WT1 protein subcellular localization Quantitative assessment of all mRNAs in these cells (genome-wide) RNAseq Chromatin interactions between a specific WT1 chromatin binding site (identified above)…Would the cell likely experience an issue due to the incorrect function of the protein produced by the following mutations? Why or why not? DNA 5' GCGATGCCCTAGGTATGA 3' normal с G a. DNA 5 GCGATGGCCTAGGTATGA 3' mutant b. DNA 5 GAGATGCCCTAGGTATGA 3' mutant c. DNA 5 GCGATGCCATAGGTATGA 3' mutant U UUU Phenylalanine UUC Phenylalanine UUA Leucine UUG Leucine CUU Leucine CUC Leucine CUA Leucine CUG Leucine AUU Isoleucine AUC Isoleucine AUA Isoleucine AUG Methionine (Start) GUU Valine. GUC Valine GUA Valine GUG Valine с UCU Serine UCC Serine UCA Serine UCG Serine CCU Proline CAU Histidine CCC Proline CAC Histidine CCA Proline CAA Glutamine CCG Proline CAG Glutamine ACU Threonine AAU Asparagine. ACC Threonine AAC Asparagine ACA Threonine AAA Lysine ACG Threonine AAG Lysine GCU Alanine. GCC Alanine GCA Alanine GCG Alanine. A UAU Tyrosine UAC Tyrosine UAA Stop UAG Stop GAU Aspartic Acid GAC Aspartic Acid GAA Glutamic Acid GAG Glutamic Acid G UGU Cysteine UGC Cysteine UGA Stop UGG CGU CGC…