Which of the following is NOT a reason that a testcross is a useful technique when studying the inheritance of a trait? Select one: a. The relative frequencies of the different phenotypes among the testcross progeny can be used to map linked genes. b. A testcross can determine if an individual with the dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous. c. The gametes produced by the testcross parent are determined from the testcross progeny. d. Because the testcross parent can contribute only recessive alleles, the alleles contributed by the other parent will be expressed in the offspring of the testcross.
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Which of the following is NOT a reason that a testcross is a useful technique when studying the inheritance of a trait?
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- In a testcross, the parent that is homozygous recessive for the genes being studied is called the testcross parent. The parent that has the dominant phenotype of the genes being studied is called the non-testcross parent.Which of the following is NOT a reason that a testcross is a useful technique when studying the inheritance of a trait? a. A testcross can determine if an individual with the dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous. b. The relative frequencies of the different phenotypes among the testcross progeny can be used to map linked genes. c. Because the testcross parent can contribute only recessive alleles, the alleles contributed by the other parent will be expressed in the offspring of the testcross. d. The gametes produced by the testcross parent are determined from the testcross progeny.In tomato, the purple color of the stem is determined by an autosomal dominant "A" allele. The recessive allele "a" determines a green colored stem. An independent gene controls the shape of the leaf: the dominant allele "C" determines leaf with a trimmed border and the recessive allele "c" determines leaf with a full border. Perform Genotype and Phenotype giving probability percentages.Colored aleurone in the kernels of corn is due to the dominant allele R. The recessive allele r, when homozygous, produces colorless aleurone. The plant color (not the kernel color) is controlled by another gene with two alleles, Y and y. The dominant Y allele results in green color, whereas the homozygous presence of the recessive y allele causes the plant to appear yellow. In a testcross between a plant of unknown genotype and phenotype and a plant that is homozygous recessive for both traits, the following progeny were obtained: colored, green 88 colored, yellow 12 colorless, green 8 colorless, yellow 92 Explain how these results were obtained by determining the exact genotype and phenotype of the unknown plant, including the precise arrangement of the alleles on the homologs.
- Seed size in a plant is a polygenic characteristic. A grower crosses two pure-breeding varieties of the plant and measures seed size in the F1 progeny. She then backcrosses the F1 plants to one of the parental varieties and measures seed size in the backcross progeny. The grower finds that seed size in the backcross progeny has a higher variance than does seed size in the F1 progeny. Explain why the backcross progeny are more variable.Notation: D = disease allele at gene d = wild-type allele at gene Let’s provide some information about each MOI. AD: Each of the F1 parents is heterozygous for the D allele. SLR: The observed F2 data are the offspring from an F1 cross where the father is affected (disease) and the mother is an unaffected carrier (wild-type, or WT). That is, the mother’s genotype has one disease allele and one WT allele in it. In Table 1, I provide the observed data counts (in dark blue). Notice that I stratify by gender. Table 1 Phenotype O E O-E (O-E)^2 (O-E)^2 /E Disease, Male 304 Disease, Female 267 WT, Male 285 WT, Female 301 Total 1157 DF p-value In Table 2, provide expected proportions for two different MOIs: AD and SLR. The values in this table are computed using information from the Punnett Square and the specified MOI. Once the proportions are determined, we can fill in the values in Table 3, E(xpected)…For the following problem: Identify the gametes for each parent, build a Punnett Square of the probability of offspring. Show the resulting genotype ratios and the resulting phenotype ratios. The submission file on Canvas will typically have a multiple-choice component or may be a fill-in-the-blank question related to genotype and/or phenotype outcomes. Be prepared to address all of these details in the questions. A plant breeder is working on producing a new color for geranium blossoms and has success in producing orange blooms from a combination of typical red (dominant) and white (recessive) colors. To verify the success of this phenotype he combines a true-breeding red geranium with a true-breeding white and the F1 generation is all orange. He collects more data by combining an individual from this F1 orange phenotype with another true-breeding white but then discovers that the F2 generation is only half orange, with the other half white.What should he conclude about the…
- Pedigree Analysis Is a Basic Method in Human Genetics Using the pedigree provided, answer the following questions. a. Is the proband male or female? b. Is the grandfather of the proband affected? c. How many siblings does the proband have, and where is he or she in the birth order?Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you decide to have a child if the test results said that you carry the mutation for breast and ovarian cancer? The heart disease mutation? The TSD mutation? The heart disease and the mutant alleles?Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you want to know the results of the cancer, heart disease, and TSD tests if you were Sarah and Adam? Is it their responsibility as potential parents to gather this type of information before they decide to have a child?
- Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. If Sarah carries the mutant cancer allele and Adam carries the mutant heart disease allele, what is the chance that they would have a child who is free of both diseases? Are these good odds?Consider the following pedigree. Solid symbols represent individuals affected by the trait. Assume complete penetrance and non-variable expressivity. II 3 4 III 1 2 3 5 6 a) what is the mode of inheritance of this trait? b) Does the ratio of affected to unaffected offspring in generation III-1 to 1II-4 match the expected ratio for this mode of inheritance? Explain your answer in terms of the expected ratio versus the ratio observed. Give a reason for your answer. No mark is assigned for yes or no)Colored aleurone in the kernels of corn is due to the dominant allele R. The recessive allele r, when homozygous, produces colorless aleurone. The plant color (not kernel color) is controlled by another gene with two alleles, Y and y. The dominant Y allele results in green color, whereas the homozygous presence of the recessive y allele causes the plant to appear yellow. In a testcross between a plant of unknown genotype and phenotype and a plant that is homozygous recessive for both traits, the following progeny were obtained: colored, green 88colored, yellow 12colorless, green 8colorless, yellow 92Explain how these results were obtained by determining theexact genotype and phenotype of the unknown plant, including the precise association of the two genes on the homologs (i.e., the arrangement).