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What is the density of free electrons in the ionospheric layer at a critical frequency of 1.3 MHz?
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- If the radius of a calcium ion is 0.22 nm, how much energy does it take to singly ionize it? Give your answer in electron-volts (eV) with precision 0.1 eV. Give your answer to 2 significant digits.a) Problem 9.6 of Textbook: If the spot size at the mirror of a helium-neon laser is 0.5mm, what is the length of the laser cavity? The cavity is of the confocal-type and the wavelength is 633nm. b) For a semiconductor laser diode, the output power is 2mW and 4.5mW when the diode drive (injected) current is 50mA and 55mA, respectively. What is the threshold current (ith) of this laser diode? 4.Question 2 A center-fed dipole is excited by a current Io =9.3 A. If the dipole is 1.1 cm in length, determine the maximum radiated power density Smax of the E-M wave of frequency 490 MHz at a distance of 700 m. Answer to the 4th digit precision after the decimal place (eg. 1.2345). Smax -(μW/m²) Your Answer: Answer Question 3 An antenna with a radiation efficiency of 89.0% has a directivity of 6.0 dB. What is its gain G in decibels? Answer to the 4th digit precision after the decimal place (eg. 1.2345). G= Your Answer: Answer dB.
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- Compute λD and ND for the following cases: (a) A glow discharge, with n = 1016 m-3, KT, = 2 eV. (b) The earth's ionosphere, with n = 1012 m-3, KT, = 0.1 eV. (c) A ϴ-pinch, with n = 1023 rn-3, KT, = 800 eVProblem I For the following normalized radiation intensity: U(0) = cos(20) Find: a. The half-power beamwidth (HPBW). b. First-null beamwidth (FNBW). Problem II For the following normalized radiation intensity: U(0) = sin(0/2) Find: a. The total power radiation b. The directivity maximum Find the Directivity equationWhat is the d-spacing of an XRD of a BCC crystal corresponding to a peak at 50ᵒ when studied using 1.5406 Aᵒ wavelength X-ray?. If a = 14.5316 Aᵒ for the crystal, what are the Miller indices corresponding to this peak?
- Compare the energies of photons emitted by two radio stations, operating at 92 MHz (FM) and 1500 kHz (MW)? A 7.25x10-s M solution of potassium permanganate has a transmittance of 44.1% when measured in a 2.10 cm cell at a wavelength of 525 nm. Calculate a. the absorbance of this solution and b. the molar absorptivity of KMNO4A. If the position of a chlorine ion in a membrane is measured to an accuracy of 1.50 µm, what is its minimum uncertainty in velocity (in m/s), given its mass is 5.86 10-26 kg? B. If the ion has this velocity, what is its kinetic energy in eV? (Compare this with typical molecular binding energies of about 5 eV.)Prepare a table of values for the change of electron density at each layer by 10% rise from lower D layer to the top F2 layer, and calculate the variation of refractive index for each layer assuming the frequency to be 1MHz, assume initial value of electron density as 5x10^9 and plot a graph between ionospheric layer vs. electron density and refractive index. Give your analysis over the graph.