Viruses have countered the specific immune defense systems by developing “disabling” or “evasion” strategies at various levels of the immune response.
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- Explain the multifaceted role of interferons as first responders to viral infection: Identify important target ISGs. Discuss the general mechanisms by which interferon induced genes block virus replication.Briefly list three mechanisms by which monoclonal antibodies that bind to viruses or virally infected cells, such as anti-Spike protein antibodies, cause reduction of viral infection and spreadDescribe the ways in which each of the following pathogens can disarm their host’s immune system or manipulate it to their own advantage:a. Pathogenic strains of Staphylococcusb. Enveloped viruses
- Describe several features of the recognition system of host defenses.Can host-cell defense molecules be mobilized by drugs to fight infection?with HIV, explain the mechanism of intracellular infection and the role of reverse transcriptase. What would you explain about the process? What is the significance of the CD4+ count? ( Discuss the meaning of various ranges of CD4 counts.) List 5 opportunistic infections AND describe data to suggest whether or not a patient has such an infection.
- The effector mechanisms that are recruited to clear an infection depend on the infectious agent. In addition to producing distinct innate responses locally at the site of infection, the different cytokines produced during type I, type 2, or type 3 immune responses also induce distinct adaptive immune responses that are tailored to the eradication of the three different classes of pathogens. One example is the production of different classes of antibodies during type I, type 2, or type 3 responses. Which step during the induction of the adaptive immune response is the key to generating and coordinating the three different immune modules?Describe some factors that weaken host defenses and increase susceptibility to infection.Explain the following statement: "Both bacteria and viruses can use similar mechanisms to evade the immune response."
- Explain one mechanism of antibody action against viruses.1) 286 individuals were newly diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in 2018 in Minnesota. Of these individuals, 76% were male. HIV is an enveloped, ssRNA virus_ Baltimore classification VI. This virus targets CD4+ cells. CD4 refers to a glycoprotein which serves as a co-receptor for T-cells, located on T-helper and T-reg immune cells. a) What part of the HIV virus allows for specificity to CD4+ cells?Discuss three mechanism by which antibody mediate the destruction of pathogen.