The solar insolation at the top of the atmosphere is about 342 W/m^2. The total radiation absorbed at the surface of the Earth is 494 W/m^2. Explain how it is possible to absorb more radiation at the surface than comes in at the top of the atmosphere. (Answer should be one paragraph long)
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- The average temperature of the atmosphere has increased by 0.4°C over the last thirty years. Estimate how much energy has gone into warming up the planet in this way. Keep in mind that the atmosphere has a mass of 5 × 1018kg, and the specific heat capacity of air is about 1 Jg−1K−1. How do we get to this answer (2×1021J)What percentage of the incoming solar radiation (341.3 W/m2) gets reflected directly back to space by the atmosphere alone?The best solar panels currently available are about 19% efficient in converting sunlight to electricity. A typical home will use about 40. kWh of electricity per day (1 kWh=1 kilowatt hour; 1kW=1000J/s). Assuming 8.1 hours of useful sunlight per day, calculate the minimum solar panel surface area necessary to provide all of a typical home’s electricity. The energy rate supplied by the sun is 1.0kJ/s times meters squared . Area = meters squared
- Earth’s average global temperature is Te=288K. What is the total radiation per unit area required to maintain this temperature?A hot steel plate with a surface area of 2.17 m2 and a constant surface temperature of 165°C is exposed to ambient air at 24°C. If the convection heat transfer coefficient is 15.4 W/m2· K, what is the rate of heat transfer (in W) from the plate to the air [round your final answer to zero decimal places]?Compute the energy consumption in units of joules per year, gigawatts (GW), and watts per person as (a) fuel, (b) food, and (c) solar radiation for a country of population density 20 person/km2, an area of 1 million km2, and a fuel energy consumption rate of 250 GJ per person per year. Solar radiation reaching the ground is approximately 150 W/m2. The average person consumes food containing 2000 “calories” per day (1 calorie = 4182 J).
- You heat up a piece of hot metal with an emissivity of 0.1 until it glows. If the temperature of the metal is 3000 K, and the surface area of the metal is 0.1 meters squared, how much heat energy per second is transferred by radiation from the metal? 0.000001701 Joules per second (or Watts) 30 Joules per second (or Watts) 459270 Joules per second (or Watts) 45927 Joules per second (or Watts) 810000000000 Joules per second (or Watts)An incandescent light bulb with a surface area of 0.0108 m2 and an emissivity of 0.87 has a surface temperature of 171.3°C. If the temperature of the surroundings are 21.2°C, what is the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the bulb and the surroundings? [round your final answer to one decimal place]? {o = 5.6704 x 10-8 W/(m²-K*)} 60 W T. S T surr(W/m), in Santa solar radiation into energy- solar radiation (w/m?) 400 300 200 100 time (hrs past midnight) 4 8 12 16 20 ot dengndi lo
- An incandescent light bulb with a surface area of 0.0128 m2 and an emissivity of 0.87 has a surface temperature of 175.9°C. If the temperature of the surroundings are 22.6°C, what is the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the bulb and the surroundings? [round your final answer to one decimal place]? {σ = 5.6704 x 10-8 W/(m2∙K4)}Climate scientists use the Stefan-Boltzmann Law R=oT4 to estimate the change in the earth's average temperature T (in kelvins) that results from a change in the radiation R (in joules per square meter per second) that the earth receives from the sun. Here, o = 5.67 x 10-8 Js-'m-²K-4. Calculate d R/dt, assuming that T = 283 and 4 = 0.05 K/year. What are the units of dR/dt? %3D dtThe next four questions use this description. Our Sun has a peak emission wavelength of about 500 nm and a radius of about 700,000 km. Your dark-adapted eye has a pupil diameter of about 7 mm and can detect light intensity down to about 1.5 x 10-11 W/m². Assume the emissivity of the Sun is equal to 1. First, given these numbers, what is the surface temperature of the Sun in Kelvin to 3 significant digits? 5,796