The mutation in hemoglobin at B82 Lys → Asp results in lowered O,-binding affinity compared to normal hemoglobin. B82 is one of the residues that lines the 2,3-BPG binding site (see Figure 7.29; B82 is adjacent to His143). Based on the location of this residue and the differences between Lys and Asp, sug- gest a rationale for the observed reduction in Oz-binding affinity.
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- 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate lies in a central cavity within the hemoglobin tetramer, stabilizing the T state. What would be the effect of mutations that placed the BPG-binding site on the surface of hemoglobin?Suggest probable consequences of the following real or possible hemoglobinmutations. [Note: as shown](a) At β146 (HC3) His → Asp(b) At β92 (F8) His → LeuIn each case, indicate whether a single-nucleotide change is sufficient forthe mutation.The distal Histidine (His 64) in myoglobin is subjected to three different mutations, this is one of them: H64N. (Histidine to Aparagine) For the mutation, draw a theoretical binding curve and CO relative to the O2 and CO binding curves for wild-type Mb (see example below). Provide a clear rationale for the binding curve.
- You are studying how your Lys-Val-Thr tripep de interacts with another pep de, which places an Asp in close proximity to the Lys on your pep de. How would the presence of an Asp side chain affect the pKa of the Lys side chain? Briefly explain your reasoning. (remember pKas are rela ve, pKa=log([H+][A-]/[HA])A Leu →Ala mutation at a site buried in the core of the enzyme lysozymeis found to be destabilizing. Explain the observed effect of this mutationon lysozyme stability by predicting how enthalpy (ΔH°), conformationalentropy (ΔS°peptide), and the hydrophobic effect (ΔS°solvent) are expected to change for the mutant compared to wild-type lysozyme. Explain how ΔG°for unfolding is affected by your predicted changes in enthalpy or entropy.The proximal histidine residues have been replaced by glycine residues by mutation of the cloned genes for both the α and β subunits of hemoglobin. With the tetrameric mutant hemoglobin (all subunits being mutant, α H F8 G, β H F8 G), it was found that the “proximal” coordination bonds to hemes in the mutant protein could be replaced by having the small molecule imidazole in the buffers. Oxygen binding curves for the tetrameric mutant hemoglobin were measured. A. The degree of cooperativity in oxygen binding for the mutant hemoglobin (with imidazole present) would be expected to 1) increase 2) decrease 3) not be affected) compared with the normal protein. B. Justify your answer to part A in terms of what you know about the structural basis of cooperativity in hemoglobin. C. How would the Hill coefficient for the mutant be expected to change compared with nH for normal hemoglobin, which is ~3?
- Certain individuals with mild forms ofβ-thalassemia produce, in addition to normal adulthemoglobin with two α chains and two β chains,lower levels of an unusual, so-called Leporehemoglobin with two α chains and two chains ineach of which the N-terminal half comes from anormal δ chain and the C-terminal half comesfrom a normal β chain. Certain other individualswho are asymptomatic produce a different, unusualanti-Lepore hemoglobin that contains two α chainsand two chains in which the N-terminal half comesfrom a normal β chain and the C-terminal halfcomes from a normal δ chain.a. Describe an event that could give rise to bothLepore and anti-Lepore hemoglobins.b. Are the mildly thalassemic individuals with Leporehemoglobin homozygotes or heterozygotes for theunusual allele?c. Why might these mildly thalassemic people produce less Lepore hemoglobin than normal adulthemoglobin?Certain individuals with mild forms ofβ-thalassemia produce, in addition to normal adulthemoglobin with two α chains and two β chains,lower levels of an unusual, so-called Leporehemoglobin with two α chains and two chains ineach of which the N-terminal half comes from anormal δ chain and the C-terminal half comesfrom a normal β chain. Certain other individualswho are asymptomatic produce a different, unusualanti-Lepore hemoglobin that contains two α chainsand two chains in which the N-terminal half comesfrom a normal β chain and the C-terminal halfcomes from a normal δ chain.a. Describe an event that could give rise to bothLepore and anti-Lepore hemoglobinsUsing the quarternary structure of hemoglobin shown inFigure 9-3(d), explain in structural terms how a mutation in the β subunit protein could be suppressed by amutation in the a subunit gene.
- In a molecular disease of hemoglobin, Hemoglobin Rainier, Tyr 145β is replaced by Cys, which forms a disulfide bond with another Cysresidue in the same subunit. This prevents the formation of ion pairs that normally stabilize the T state. How does hemoglobin Rainier differ from normal hemoglobin with respect to the Hill coefficientA very new Hemoglobin variant, called Hb simplex, has just been identified in patients with hypoxia (i.e. patients for whom the oxygenation of organs is not properly accomplished). However, this variant is able to bind dioxygen with a Kd which is significantly lower to that of Hemoglobin from normal patients. This effect has been associated with the substitution of a Lys by a Met at two distinct sites of the b subunit of Hemoglobin : one site close to the N-terminus, and the other site close to the C-terminus of the polypeptide chain. Most importantly, these 2 sites are known to be involved in the maintain of the physical interactions between the subunits a and b in Hemoglobin. 1) The aforementioned Hb simplex mutations lead to a loss of physical interactions between the subunits a and b. What type(s) of chemical bonds between the 2 subunits (i.e. covalent, electrostatic, ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, van der waals) would you hypothesize to be affected by these mutations? explain. 2)…Crystal structures exist for three neurokinin-1 (NK1) ligand complexes with the following pdb codes (6hll, 6hlo, 6hlp) For each of the three crystal structures identify four amino acids in the NK1 binding site that contact the ligand indicating both the residue type in three letter code and the residue number. One of the chose amino acids should form a hydrogen binding interaction to the ligand, state which functional group the amino acid utilises in each case