The experience of stress can ______ immune function and _____ contraction of an infection. A. facilitate; suppress B. suppress; suppress C. suppress; facilitate D. suppress; delay E. facilitate; facilitate
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The experience of stress can ______ immune function and _____ contraction of an infection.
A. facilitate; suppress
B. suppress; suppress
C. suppress; facilitate
D. suppress; delay
E. facilitate; facilitate
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Inflammatory cytokines a. act as opsonins. Ob. are produced only by phagocytic cells. C. facilitate the migration of neutrophils from the blood to infected tissues. d. are not stimulated by Toll-like receptors. e. directly mediate the dissociation of IkB from NFkB.Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. All but one of the following occurs during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does NOT describe the process of inflammation. a. Inflammation increases capillary permeability. b. Chemotaxis draws leucocytes to the site of injury. c. Vasoconstriction prevents excessive blood loss due to injury. d. Release of prostaglandins results in pain.Interferon alpha and beta are released by virally infected cells to warn nearby cells about the virus and try to prevent spread. This is an example of _____ signalling. A. Autocrine B. Endocrine C. Paracrine D. Exocrine
- During the chemotaxis phase of the inflammatory response,a. C-reactive protein is secreted by damaged parenchymal cells in the tissue, which attracts neutrophils, which secrete leukotrienes and prostaglandins to attract macrophages; a purulent exudate is formed.b. Band cells respond to hyperthermia by producing TNF-α and interleukins, which then cause a left shift that results in the accumulation of neutrophils within the tissue.c. Damaged parenchymal cells release prostaglandins and leukotrienes to attract macrophages, causing a left shift and the formation of a purulent exudate.d. Cytokines, such as TNF-α, are released by damaged parenchymal cells, while leukotrienes and prostaglandins produced by neutrophils cause smooth muscle constriction and the further accumulation of leukocytes.Predict how each of the following could reducehost resistance to infection:a. bone marrow damageb. circulatory impairmentc. puncture woundA sample of damaged tissue indicated the presence of eosinophils. This finding signifies that the tissue is____ A. infected by parasites. B. inflamed. C. normal. D. being rejected.
- Which of the following receptor types will trigger the release of cytokines in macrophages? O A. Mannose Receptors B. Scavenger Receptors O C. Glucan Receptors O D. Toll-like Receptors O E. C-type LectinsExplain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. Allergens differ from antigens because a. Allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle. b. Allergens do not involve the leucocytes, they simple stimulate the inflammatory response. c. Allergens are only active seasonally and are generally harmless to the body. d. Allergens are primarily plant derived while antigens are bacterial or viral in nature.Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease? a. Infection and death of T helper cells by a virus, resulting in a loss of adaptive immunity b. Release of bacterial endotoxins that block acetylcholine release result in muscle paralysis. c. Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness. d. Uncontrolled cell division resulting in cell surface abnormalities recognized by NK cells.
- Vaccines are given to provide protection against pathogen causing infections. Which of the following statements best describes how vaccines work? a Fever and swelling develop which is the first response in killing a pathogen b. Antibodies in the vaccine provide the body with nonspecific immunity to an antigen. c. An inactivated or killed virus stimulates the body to develop specific immunity to that type of virus. d. Heathy bacteria causes the body to release toxins which will protect the body if later exposed to different type of bacteria.Upregulation of receptors could lead to: Select one: a. Sensitization b. Desensitization c. Tolerance d. Addiction e. None of the aboveToll-like receptors (TLRS) act to A. cause phagocytic chemotaxis. B. induce phagocytosis. C. bind microbial proteins and polysaccharides. D. destroy microbial cells. You may select zero, one, or many answers.