Chemistry 10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
1 Chemical Foundations 2 Atoms, Molecules, And Ions 3 Stoichiometry 4 Types Of Chemical Reactions And Solution Stoichiometry 5 Gases 6 Thermochemistry 7 Atomic Structure And Periodicity 8 Bonding: General Concepts 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 10 Liquids And Solids 11 Properties Of Solutions 12 Chemical Kinetics 13 Chemical Equilibrium 14 Acids And Bases 15 Acid-base Equilibria 16 Solubility And Complex Ion Equilibria 17 Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy 18 Electrochemistry 19 The Nucleus: A Chemist's View 20 The Representative Elements 21 Transition Metals And Coordination Chemistry 22 Organic And Biological Molecules Chapter17: Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define the following: a. spontaneous process b. entropy c. positional probability d. system e.... Problem 2RQ: What is the second law of thermodynamics? For any process, there are four possible sign combinations... Problem 3RQ: What determines Ssurr for a process? To calculate Ssurr at constant pressure and temperature, we use... Problem 4RQ: The free energy change, G, for a process at constant temperature and pressure is related to Suniv... Problem 5RQ: What is the third law of thermodynamics? What are standard entropy values, S, and how are these S... Problem 6RQ: What is the standard free energy change, G, for a reaction? What is the standard free energy of... Problem 7RQ: If you calculate a value for G for a reaction using the values of Gf in Appendix 4 and get a... Problem 8RQ: Consider the equation G = G + RT ln(Q). What is the value of G for a reaction at equilibrium? What... Problem 9RQ: Even if G is negative, the reaction may not occur. Explain the interplay between the thermodynamics... Problem 10RQ: Discuss the relationship between wmax and the magnitude and sign of the free energy change for a... Problem 1ALQ: For the process A(l) A(g), which direction is favored by changes in energy probability? Positional... Problem 2ALQ: For a liquid, which would you expect to be larger, Sfusion or Sevaporation? Why? Problem 3ALQ: Gas A2 reacts with gas B2 to form gas AB at a constant temperature. The bond energy of AB is much... Problem 4ALQ: What types of experiments can be carried out to determine whether a reaction is spontaneous? Does... Problem 5ALQ: A friend tells you, Free energy G and pressure P are related by the equation G = G + RT ln(P). Also,... Problem 6ALQ Problem 7ALQ: Predict the sign of S for each of the following and explain. a. the evaporation of alcohol b. the... Problem 8ALQ: Is Ssurr favorable or unfavorable for exothermic reactions? Endothermic reactions? Explain. Problem 9ALQ: At 1 atm, liquid water is heated above 100C. For this process, which of the following choices (iiv)... Problem 10ALQ Problem 11Q: The synthesis of glucose directly from CO2 and H2O and the synthesis of proteins directly from amino... Problem 12Q: When the environment is contaminated by a toxic or potentially toxic substance (for example, from a... Problem 13Q: Entropy has been described as times arrow. Interpret this view of entropy. Problem 14Q: Human DNA contains almost twice as much information as is needed to code for all the substances... Problem 15Q: A mixture of hydrogen gas and chlorine gas remains unreacted until it is exposed to ultraviolet... Problem 16Q: Consider the following potential energy plots: a. Rank the reactions from fastest to slowest and... Problem 17Q: Ssurr is sometimes called the energy disorder term. Explain. Problem 18Q: Given the following illustration, what can be said about the sign of S for the process of solid NaCl... Problem 20Q: The melting point for carbon diselenide (CSe2) is 46C. At a temperature of 75C, predict the signs... Problem 21Q: The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at 0 K is zero. In... Problem 22Q: The deciding factor on why HF is a weak acid and not a strong acid like the other hydrogen halides... Problem 23Q: List three different ways to calculate the standard free energy change, G, for a reaction at 25C.... Problem 24Q: What information can be determined from G for a reaction? Does one get the same information from G,... Problem 25Q: Monochloroethane (C2H5Cl) can be produced by the direct reaction of ethane gas (C2H6) with chlorine... Problem 26Q: Consider the following relationships: G = 1, H = TS, Q = 1. G = G, K = 1 Which of these... Problem 27Q: Consider the reaction N2O2(g) 2NO2(g) where PNO2=0.29 atm and PN2O4=1.6. For this reaction at these... Problem 28Q: At 1500 K, the process I2(g)2I(g)10atm10atm is not spontaneous. However, the process... Problem 29E: Which of the following processes are spontaneous? a. Salt dissolves in H2O. b. A clear solution... Problem 30E: Which of the following processes are spontaneous? a. A house is built. b. A satellite is launched... Problem 31E: Table 16-1 shows the possible arrangements of four molecules in a two-bulbed flask. What are the... Problem 32E: Consider the following illustration of six molecules of gas in a two-bulbed flask. a. What is the... Problem 33E: Consider the following energy levels, each capable of holding two particles: Draw all the possible... Problem 34E: Redo Exercise 29 with two particles A and B, which can be distinguished from each other. Problem 35E: Choose the substance with the larger positional probability in each case. a. 1 mole of H2 (at STP)... Problem 36E: Which of the following involve an increase in the entropy of the system? a. melting of a solid b.... Problem 37E: Predict the sign of Ssurr for the following processes. a. H2O(l) H2O(g) b. I2(g) I2(s) Problem 38E: Calculate Ssurr for the following reactions at 25C and 1 atm. a. C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)... Problem 39E: Given the values of H and S, which of the following changes will be spontaneous at constant T and p?... Problem 40E: At what temperatures will the following processes be spontaneous? a. H = 18 kJ and S = 60. J/K b. H... Problem 41E: Ethanethiol (C2H5SH; also called ethyl mercaptan) is commonly added to natural gas to provide the... Problem 42E: For mercury, the enthalpy of vaporization is 58.51 kJ/mol and the entropy of vaporization is 92.92... Problem 43E: For ammonia (NH3), the enthalpy of fusion is 5.65 kJ/mol and the entropy of fusion is 28.9 J/K mol.... Problem 44E: The enthalpy of vaporization of ethanol is 38.7 kJ/mol at its boiling point (78C). Determine Ssys,... Problem 45E: Predict the sign of S for each of the following changes. Assume all equations are balanced. a. b. c.... Problem 46E: Predict the sign of S for each of the following changes. a. K(s) + 12Br2(g) KBr(s) b. N2(g) +... Problem 47E: For each of the following pairs of substances, which substance has the greater value of S? a.... Problem 48E: For each of the following pairs, which substance has the greater value of S? a. N2O (at 0 K) or He... Problem 49E: Predict the sign of S and then calculate S for each of the following reactions. a. 2H2S (g) + SO2(g)... Problem 50E: Predict the sign of S and then calculate S for each of the following reactions. a. H2(g) + 12O2(g) ... Problem 51E: For the reaction C2H2(g)+4F2(g)2CF4(g)+H2(g) S is equal to 358 J/K. Use this value and data from... Problem 52E: For the reaction CS2(g)+3O2(g)CO2(g)+2SO2(g) S is equal to 143 J/K. Use this value and data from... Problem 53E: It is quite common for a solid to change from one structure to another at a temperature below its... Problem 54E: Two crystalline forms of white phosphorus are known. Both forms contain P4 molecules, but the... Problem 55E: Consider the reaction 2O(g)O2(g) a. Predict the signs of H and S. b. Would the reaction be more... Problem 56E: Hydrogen cyanide is produced industrially by the following exothermic reaction:... Problem 57E: From data in Appendix 4, calculate H, S, and G for each of the following reactions at 25C. a. CH4(g)... Problem 59E: The major industrial use of hydrogen is in the production of ammonia by the Haber process:... Problem 60E: For the reaction at 298 K, 2NO2(g)N2O4(g) the values of H and S are 58.03 kJ and 176.6 J/K,... Problem 61E: At 100C and 1.00 atm, H = 40.6 kJ/mol for the vaporization of water. Estimate G for the vaporization... Problem 62E: For the sublimation of iodine at 25C I2(s) I2(g) the values of H and G are, respectively, 62 kJ and... Problem 63E: Given the following data: 2H2(g)+C(s)CH4(g)G=51kJ2H2(g)+O2(g)2H2O(l)G=474kJC(s)+O2(g)CO2G=394kJ... Problem 64E: Given the following data:... Problem 65E: For the reaction SF4(g)+F2(g)SF6(g) the value of G is 374 kJ. Use this value and data from Appendix... Problem 66E: The value of G for the reaction 2C4H10(g)+13O2(g)8CO2(g)+10H2O(l) is 5490. kJ. Use this value and... Problem 67E: Consider the reaction Fe2O3(s)+3H2(g)2Fe(s)+3H2O(g) a. Use Gf values in Appendix 4 to calculate G... Problem 68E: Consider the reaction 2POCl3(g)2PCl3(g)+O2(g) a. Calculate G for this reaction. The Gfvalues for... Problem 69E: Using data from Appendix 4, calculate H, S and G for the following reactions that produce acetic... Problem 70E: Consider two reactions for the production of ethanol:... Problem 71E: Using data from Appendix 4, calculate G for the reaction NO(g)+O3(g)NO2(g)+O2(g) for these... Problem 72E: Using data from Appendix 4, calculate G for the reaction 2H2S(g)+SO2(g)3Srhombic(s)+2H2O(g) for the... Problem 73E: Consider the reaction 2NO2(g)N2O4(g) For each of the following mixtures of reactants and products at... Problem 74E: Consider the following reaction: N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g) Calculate G for this reaction under the... Problem 75E: One of the reactions that destroys ozone in the upper atmosphere is NO(g)+O3(g)NO2(g)+O2(g) Using... Problem 76E: Hydrogen sulfide can be removed from natural gas by the reaction 2H2S(g)+SO2(g)3S(s)+2H2O(g)... Problem 77E: Consider the following reaction at 25.0C: 2NO2(g)N2O4(g) The values of H and S are 58.03 kJ/mol and... Problem 78E: The standard free energies of formation and the standard enthalpies of formation at 298 K for... Problem 79E: Calculate G forH2O(g)+12O2(g)H2O2(g) at 600. K, using the following data:... Problem 80E: The Ostwald process for the commercial production of nitric acid involves three steps:... Problem 81E: Cells use the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate, abbreviated as ATP, as a source of energy.... Problem 82E: One reaction that occurs in human metabolism is For this reaction G= 14 kJ at 25c. a. Calculate K... Problem 83E: Consider the following reaction at 800. K: N2(g)+3F2(g)2NF3(g) An equilibrium mixture contains the... Problem 84E: Consider the following reaction at 298 K: 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) An equilibrium mixture contains O2(g)... Problem 85E: Consider the relationship In(K)=HRT+SR The equilibrium constant for some hypothetical process was... Problem 86E: The equilibrium constant K for the reaction 2CI(g)CI2(g) was measured as a function of temperature... Problem 87E: A reaction has K = 1.9 1014 at 25C and K = 9.1 103 at 227C. Predict the signs for G, H and S for... Problem 89AE: Using Appendix 4 and the following data, determine S for Fe(CO)5(g).... Problem 90AE: Some water is placed in a coffee-cup calorimeter. When 1.0 g of an ionic solid is added, the... Problem 91AE: A green plant synthesizes glucose by photosynthesis, as shown in the reaction: 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) ... Problem 92AE: When most biological enzymes are heated, they lose their catalytic activity. This process is called... Problem 93AE: Acrylonitrile is the starting material used in tire manufacture of acrylic fibers (U.S. annual... Problem 94AE: Calculate the entropy change for the vaporization of liquid methane and liquid hexane using the... Problem 95AE: As O2(l) is cooled at 1 atm, it freezes at 54.5 K to form solid I. At a lower temperature, solid I... Problem 96AE: Consider the following reaction: H2O(g)+CI2O(g)2HOCI(g)K298=0.090 For Cl2O(g),... Problem 97AE: Using the following data, calculate the value of Ksp for Ba(NO3)2, one of the least soluble of the... Problem 98AE: Many biochemical reactions that occur in cells require relatively high concentrations of potassium... Problem 99AE: Carbon monoxide is toxic because it bonds much more strongly to the iron in hemoglobin (Hgb) than... Problem 100AE: In the text, the equation G=G+RTIn(Q) was derived for gaseous reactions where the quantities in Q... Problem 101AE Problem 102AE: Use the equation in Exercise 79 to determine H and S for the autoionization of water:... Problem 103AE Problem 104AE: Consider the following diagram of free energy (G) versus fraction of A reacted in terms of moles for... Problem 105CWP Problem 106CWP: For rubidium Hvapo=69.0KJ/mol at 686C, its boiling point. Calculate S, q, w, and E for the... Problem 107CWP: Given the thermodynamic data below, calculate S and Ssurr for the following reaction at 25C and 1... Problem 108CWP: Consider the reaction: H2S(g)+SO2(g)3S(g)+2H2O(l) for which H is 233 kJ and S is 424 J/K. a.... Problem 109CWP: The following reaction occurs in pure water: H2O(l)+H2O(l)H3O+(aq)+OH-(aq) which is often... Problem 110CWP Problem 111CWP: Consider the reaction: PCl3(g)+Cl2(g)PCl5(g) At 25C, H = 92.50 kJ. Which of the following statements... Problem 112CWP: The equilibrium constant for a certain reaction increases by a factor of 6.67 when the temperature... Problem 113CP: Consider two perfectly insulated vessels. Vessel 1 initially contains an ice cube at 0C and water at... Problem 114CP: Liquid water at 25C is introduced into an evacuated, insulated vessel. Identify the signs of the... Problem 115CP: Using data from Appendix 4, calculate H, G, and K (at 298 K) for the production of ozone from... Problem 116CP: Entropy can be calculated by a relationship proposed by Ludwig Boltzmann: S=kIn(W) where k = 1.38 ... Problem 117CP: a. Using the free energy profile for a simple one-step reaction, show that at equilibrium K = kf/kr,... Problem 118CP: Consider the reaction H2(g)+Br2(g)2HBr(g) where H = 103.8 kJ/mol. In a particular experiment, equal... Problem 119CP: Consider the system A(g)B(g) at25C. a. Assuming that GAo=8996J/molandGBo=11,718J/mol, calculate the... Problem 120CP: The equilibrium constant for a certain reaction decreases from 8.84 to 3.25 102 when the... Problem 121CP: If wet silver carbonate is dried in a stream of hot air. the air must have a certain concentration... Problem 122CP: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and benzene (C6H6) form ideal solutions. Consider an equimolar solution... Problem 123CP: Sodium chloride is added to water (at 25C) until it is saturated. Calculate the Cl concentration in... Problem 124CP: You have a 1.00-L sample of hot water (90.0C) sitting open in a 25.0C room. Eventually the water... Problem 125CP: Consider a weak acid, HX. If a 0.10-M solution of HX has a pH of 5.83 at 25C. what is G for the... Problem 126CP: The vaporization of ethanol C2H5OH(l) C2H5OH(g) at its normal boiling point, 351 K, has S = 110.... Problem 128IP: Some nonelectrolyte solute (molar mass = 142 g/mol) was dissolved in 150. mL of a solvent (density =... Problem 129IP: For the equilibrium A(g)+2B(g)C(g) the initial concentrations are [A] = [B] = [C] = 0.100 atm. Once... Problem 130IP: What is the pH of a 0. 125-M solution of the weak base B if H= 28.0 kJ and S= 175 J/K for the... Problem 131MP: Impure nickel, refined by smelting sulfide ores in a blast furnace, can be converted into metal from... Problem 112CWP: The equilibrium constant for a certain reaction increases by a factor of 6.67 when the temperature...
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The equilibrium constant for a system at chemical equilibrium at 318 o C is 3.4 x 10-3 . Calculate the Gibbs free-energy change, deltaGo , for the system at 318 o C.
Definition Definition State where the components involved in a reversible reaction, namely reactants and product, do not change concentration any further with time. Chemical equilibrium results when the rate of the forward reaction becomes equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
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