Taxol, derived from the Pacific Yew tree, was one of the first effective anti-cancer compounds discovered. It acts by inhibiting microtubule depolymerization. Which of the following is a likely cellular side effect of treatment with Taxol?
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Taxol, derived from the Pacific Yew tree, was one of the first effective anti-cancer compounds discovered. It acts by inhibiting microtubule depolymerization. Which of the following is a likely cellular side effect of treatment with Taxol?
Increased exocytosis
Loss of pseudopod formation in white blood cells
Decreased endocytosis
Increased cell size
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- Which of the following changes to the microtubule binding protein, Tau, commonly occurs in Alzheimerâ s and other neurodegenerative diseases? A Tau is hypo-phosphorylated and does not bind to microtubules to destabilize them. B Tau levels are so low in the cell that they only bind to some microtubules. C Tau is hyper-phosphorylated and does not bind to microtubules to stabilize them. D Microtubules are hyper-phosphorylated and do not bind to Tau.Neuropathy is often a side effect of anti-cancer drug treatments. Which of the following drugs induce neuropathy by disrupting microtubule formation thereby inhibiting axonal transport? Select ALL that apply Paclitaxel Oxaliplatin Vincristine Bortezomib Thalidomide CisplatinWhich of the following describes a mechanism by which microtubules are known to be stabilized? Conformational changes undertaken by beta-tubulin as it hydrolyzes GTP. Binding of microtubule binding proteins, such as Tau. Shortening of the GTP cap. Increasing the proportion of alpha-tubulin subunits relative to beta-tubulin subunits.
- Explain the following figure. According to this model, what are the two major phases of metastasis that must be successful for metastasis? What are the challenges faced by cancer cells during metastatizing?List and describe the three main types of cytoskeleton. If you wanted to do immunocytochemistry to specifically stain each type of cytoskeleton, what is a protein that could be used for each cytoskeletal type (in other words, what is a unique protein for each cytoskeletal type)? What are three types of actin structures? Describe the involvement of actin structures in cell migration. How is the growth and shrinking of microtubules regulated? Then describe the roles of microtubules in: chromosomal separation during mitosis and the movement of organelles and vesicles within a cell. Describe a possible mechanism on how signaling pathways might impact the cytoskeleton, so that cell migration could be regulated in a localized manner within a multicellular organism. (hint: think about the possible transcriptional regulation of the G-protein regulators) What are 2 main challenges of protein targeting? Then describe one way these challenges are overcome during signal-based targeting and one way…Overexpression of the Myc protein is a common feature of many types of cancer cells, contributing to their excessive cell growth and proliferation. By contrast, when Myc is overexpressed in most normal cells, the result is not excessive proliferation, but cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis.Which one of the following statements provides the most likely explanation for why overexpression of Myc can have such different outcomes in normal cells and in cancer cells? A. Normal cells contain checks and balances that prevent Myc-induced proliferation. B. In normal cells, Myc protein acts as a mediator in cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. C. The target protein for Myc-induced proliferation is missing from most normal cells. D. In normal cells, when Myc is overexpressed, the excess Myc protein precipitates.
- The best strategy for treating a specific type of human tumor can depend on identifying the type of cell that became cancerous to give rise to the tumor. For some tumors that have colonized a distant location (metastasized), identifying the parental cell type can be difficult. Because the type of IF protein expressed is cell-type-specific, using monoclonal antibodies that react with only one type of IF protein can help in this identification. What IF proteins would you produce monoclonal antibodies against to identify (a) a sarcoma of muscle cell origin, (b) an epithelial cell carcinoma, and (c) an astrocytoma (glial cell tumor)?Specific inhibitors of dyneins have yet to be discovered. When they are discovered, how would they most likely affect cells? Reduce retrograde transport of endosomes Decrease pseudopod formation in amoeboid cells Increase cell size Decrease contraction of skeletal muscleMark and label the locations of pluripotent stem cells, adult/tissue stem cells and somatic cells in the diagram to the right. What potency is the red cell on top?
- Match each of the changes that can contribute to cancer with its correct description. Loss of function of regulators that send old or damaged cells into apoptosis Hyperactivation of signalling pathways that tell the cell to grow and divide 1. Sustaining proliferative signalling Loss of function of structural proteins that anchor cells to surrounding tissue and/or activation of cell migration 2. Evading growth suppressors 3. Activating invasion and metastasis Loss of function of 4. Enabling replicative immortality regulators that stop inappropriate growth and cell division 5. Inducing angiogenesis 6. Resisting cell death Loss of function of regulators that force aging cells to exit the cell cycle and enter GO or replicative senescence 00Match the following cell structures with their descriptions. 1. Fibers of the cytoskeleton that attach to chromosomes and move them during mitosis 2. Cell junctions that seal cells so tightly together that materials cannot pass between the cells Cilia Intermediate filaments 3. Cell surface appendages that contain microtubules and beat to move substances across the surface Tight junctions of a cell 4. The network of many types of protein fibers that gives shape to the cell and anchors the organelles Microtubules Desmosomes 5. Cell junctions that link the cytoskeleton of adjacent cells in order to prevent the cells from being pulled apart Microfilaments/actin filaments 6. Fibers of the cytoskeleton that allow cells such as amoebae to crawl aroundArtificially induced apoptosis (controlled cellular death) is found to be an effective treat- ment for some forms of cancer. Which of the following describes the most likely mechanism by which apoptosis might be induced? A B с D by causing ribosomes to increase the rate of protein synthesis by triggering the division of mitochondria in the cell to increase ATP production by increasing the expression of membrane-bound glucose protein channels by causing lysosomes to release digestive enzymes into the cytosol