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tail docking involves amputating a portion of the tail an animal for a variety of reasons. why is tail docking often performed in pigs?
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- Figure shows a part of the sequence alignment of human and whale myoglobin proteins. Please explain the difference between green- and yellow-colored mutations. Which mutations have higher probability to change the function of protein, why?Why are leptin injections less helpful for most overweight people than for mice with a mutation in the leptin gene?The homeotic mutation Antennapedia causes mutant Drosophila to have legs in place of antennae and is a dominant gain-of-function mutation. List all the properties of such mutations. How does the Antennapedia gene change antennae into legs?
- The homeotic mutation Antennapedia causes mutant Drosophila to have legs in place of antennae and is a dominant gain of-function mutation. What are the properties of such mutations?How does the Antennapedia gene change antennae into legs?Munchkin cats have a mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR3) gene, the same gene mutated in humans suffering from achondroplasia. In cats and humans this causes dwarfism because FGFR3 has a negative effect on bone growth. In achondroplasia, the mutated form of the FGFR3 receptor is constitutively active and this leads to severely shortened bones. A) Draw a simple diagram of the FGFR effect on bone growth in "normal" cats. B) Crossing two munchkin cats always yields 2 munchkin kittens for every 1 normal kitten. True breeding munchkin cats do not exist. Explain this result by showing the genotypes of all parents and offspring. Define the alleles (indicate which is dominant and which is recessive).Munchkin cats have a mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR3) gene, the same gene mutated in humans suffering from achondroplasia. In cats and humans this causes dwarfism because FGFR3 has a negative effect on bone growth. In achondroplasia, the mutated form of the FGFR3 receptor is constitutively active and this leads to severely shortened bones. A) Draw a simple diagram of the FGFR effect on bone growth in "normal" cats. B) Crossing two munchkin cats always yields 2 munchkin kittens for every 1 normal kitten. True breeding munchkin cats do not exist. Explain this result by showing the genotypes of all parents and offspring. Remember to define your alleles and indicate which is dominant and which is recessive.
- A controversial issue, closely related to cloning, that has caused a lot of debate is the use of embryonic stem cells. One possible application of these cells is that they may be able to supply replacement tissues to treat diseases such as Parkinson's disease, diabetes, paralysis due to spinal cord injuries, and other degenerative diseases. The word "embryonic", has caused fierce opposition to this type of research because embryos are destroyed when the stem cells are removed. Questions that have surfaced in this debate include: When a cell nucleus is transferred to another cell, have we created life? Does a stem cell have the same status as a human? What should be done with the embryos that are leftover at in vitro fertilization (IVF), clinics? Advocates argue that the medical benefits of stem cell research would be enormous. Opponents argue that life begins at conception and thus this type of research is abortion. Based on what you have read, explain why you are for or against stem…A pharmaceutical researcher performs preclinical testing on a novel chemotherapeutic drug. When rat embryos are exposed to this drug during an early stage of organogenesis, they develop severe skeletal malformations. Further genetic analysis reveals that the drug causes mutations in numerous homeobox genes containing highly conserved 180 base pair DNA sequences. The genes affected by this drug most likely code for which of the following proteins?The attached table below shows the reference and a diseased patient's DMD genes in the hip flexor which, if mutated, can cause muscular dystophy. Analyze the table, make the coding strand, and explain how and which mutation in the patien's genes caused muscular dystrophy
- You hope to study a gene that codes for a neurotransmitter protein produced in human brain cells. You know the amino acid sequence of the protein. Explain how you might (a) identify what genes are expressed in a specific type of brain cell, (b) identify (and isolate) the neurotransmitter gene, (c) produce multiple copies of the gene for study, and (d) produce large quantities of the neurotransmitter for evaluation as a potential medication.ASsume that a fish inherits a mutation in both the eye switch and the coding region of the Pitx1 gene. You isolate DNA from the jaw, pelvis, eye, and pituitary tissues. In which tissue(s) would you expect to see functional Pitx1 protein? Jaw Pelvis Actvator 1 Activator 2 Pary sch Jow swch Peve Phutory Jow Pevic swkh swich wkch Pitxt Pitx1 Eye 41 Pituitary Activulor 3 Adivutor 4 Phutary swich Pelvic Twach Jaw Putary Jaw Switch Pelvic wtch Satch sanch Pixt Pitt Figure 2 eye only jaw, pelvis, eye, and pituitary no tissues would have a functional protein jaw, pelvis, and pituitary only O O0 OSynpolydactyly is an abnormality characterized by webbing between partially or completely duplicated fingers or toes (Figure 18.15). The same mutations that cause the human phenotype give rise to a similar phenotype in mice. In what family of genes do you think these mutations occur?