Table 31-1 Costs of Eliminating: Firm A Firm B Firm C 1st ton of pollution $ 30 $ 50 $ 600 2nd ton of pollution $ 70 $ 90 S 700 3rd ton of pollution $125 $150 4th ton of pollution $200 $250 $ 900 $1,300 10. Refer to Table 31-1. Suppose that Firms A, B, and C are the only polluters in the state and that each emits 4 tons of pollution into the atmosphere. To cut the level of pollution in half the government issues two transferable pollution permits to each firm. What is the total cost to society of decreasing pollution to half its present level if firm C buys one pollution permit from firm A and one pollution permit from firm B? a. $515 b. $1,300 90 C. $1,380 d. $965

Table 31-1 Costs of Eliminating: Firm A Firm B Firm C 1st ton of pollution $ 30 $ 50 $ 600 2nd ton of pollution $ 70 $ 90 S 700 3rd ton of pollution $125 $150 4th ton of pollution $200 $250 $ 900 $1,300 10. Refer to Table 31-1. Suppose that Firms A, B, and C are the only polluters in the state and that each emits 4 tons of pollution into the atmosphere. To cut the level of pollution in half the government issues two transferable pollution permits to each firm. What is the total cost to society of decreasing pollution to half its present level if firm C buys one pollution permit from firm A and one pollution permit from firm B? a. $515 b. $1,300 90 C. $1,380 d. $965

Principles of Economics 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172364

Author:Steven A. Greenlaw; David Shapiro

Publisher:Steven A. Greenlaw; David Shapiro

Chapter12: Environmental Protection And Negative Externalities

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 4SCQ: Table 12.5 provides the supply and demand conditions for a manufacturing film. The third column...

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In the Land of Purity, there is only one form of pollution, called gunk. Table 12.14 shows possible combinations of economic output and reduction of gunk, depending on what kinds of environmental regulations you choose. Sketch a graph of a production possibility frontier with environmental quality on the horizontal axis, measured by the percentage reduction of gunk, and with the quantity of economic output on the vertical axis. Which choices display productive efficiency? How can you tell? Which choices show allocative efficiency? How can you tell? In the choice between K and L, can you say which one is better and why? In the choice between K. and N, can you say which one is better, and why? If you had to guess, which choice would you think is move likely to represent a command-and-control environmental policy and which choice is more likely to represent a market-oriented environmental policy, choice L or M? Why?
Table 12.12, shows the supply and demand conditions for a firm that will play trumpets on the streets when requested. QS1 is the quantity supplied without social costs. QS2 is the quantity supplied with social costs. What is the negative externality in this situation? Identify the equilibrium price and quantity when we account only for private costs, and then when we account for social costs. How does accounting for the externality affect the equilibrium price and quantity?
Refer to Table 12.2. The externality created by the refrigerator production was 100. However, once we accounted for both the private and additional external costs, the market price increased by only 50. If the external costs were 100 why did the price only increase by 50 when we accounted for all costs?
The rows in Table 12.7 show three market-oriented tools for reducing pollution. The columns of the table show three complaints about command-and-control regulation. Fill in the table by stating briefly how each market-oriented tool addresses each of the three concerns.
How can high-income countries benefit from covering much of the cost of reducing pollution created by low-income countries?
Show the market for cigarettes in equilibrium, assuming that there are no laws banning smoking in public. Label the equilibrium private market price and quantity as Pm and Qm. Add whatever is needed to the model to show the impact of the negative externality from second-hand smoking. (Hint: In this case it is the consumers, not the sellers, who are creating the negative externality.) Label the social optimal output and price as Fe and Qe. On the graph, shade in the deadweight loss at the market output.
Table 12.5 provides the supply and demand conditions for a manufacturing film. The third column represents a supply curve without accounting for the social cost of pollution. The fourth column represents the supply curve when the film is required to account for the social cost of pollution. Identify the equilibrium before the social cost of production is included and after the social cost of production is included.
Classify the following pollution-control policies as command-and-control or market incentive based. A state emissions tax on the quantity of carbon emitted by each firm. The federal government requires domestic auto companies to improve car emissions by 2020. The EPA sets national standards for water quality. A city sells permits to films that allow them to emit a specified quantity of pollution. The federal government pays fishermen to preserve salmon.
A country called Sherwood is very heavily covered with a forest of 50,000 trees. There are proposals to clear some of Sherwoods forest and grow com, but obtaining this additional economic output will have an environmental cost from reducing the number of trees. Table 12.11 shows possible combinations of economic output and environmental protection. Sketch a graph of a production possibility frontier with environmental quality on the horizontal axis, measured by the number of trees, and the quantity of economic output, measured in corn, on the vertical axis. Which choices display productive efficiency? How can you tell? Which choices show allocative efficiency? How can you tell? In the choice between T and R, decide which one is better. Why? In the choice between T and S, can you say which one is better, and why? If you had to guess, which choice would you think is more likely to represent a command-and-control environmental policy and which choice is more likely to represent a market-oriented environmental policy, choice Q or S? Why?
Suppose you want to put a dollar value on the external costs of carbon emissions from a power plant. What information or data would you obtain to measure the external [not social] cost?