Rigor mortis (the stiffening of muscles fibers several hours after death) is directly due to the depletion of what energy source? This energy molecule is used to power a calcium pump that transports Ca2+ ions back into the endoplasmic reticulum where calcium ions are already at a high concentration.
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Rigor mortis (the stiffening of muscles fibers several hours after death) is directly due to the depletion of what energy source? This energy molecule is used to power a calcium pump that transports Ca2+ ions back into the endoplasmic reticulum where calcium ions are already at a high concentration.
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- An important aspect of cell metabolism is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane. Molecules generally move down an electrochemical gradient however in many instances the opposite is required. Explain how transporters can move molecules against their electrochemical gradient – discuss the mechanism of action of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pumps and sodium-glucose co-transporters in your answer.Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule with lipid solubility similar to that of O2 and CO2. Endothelial cells lining arteries use NO to signal surrounding smooth muscle cells to relax, thereby increasing blood flow. What mechanism or mechanisms would transport NO from where it is produced in the cytoplasm of an endothelial cell into the cytoplasm of a smooth muscle cell, where it acts?Select the correct statement regarding the actin cytoskeleton. They are involved in the formation of the axoneme. Actin microfilaments are the most stable cytoskeleton network. Can undergo catastrophe due to GTP hydrolysis-mediated conformational changes. Synthesis and degradation of actin microfilaments is directional, with g-actin subunits added only to the + end of the microfilament while depolymerization occurs at the - end. From the list below, select the correct statements regarding the genetic code. Codons code for 30 distinct amino acids. The basis of the genetic code are codons. The genetic code has a possible 64 different codons. The genetic code has built-in degeneracy. Codons are formed by 5 consecutive nucleotides.
- In all human cells, there is a higher concentration of calcium ions outside of thecell than on the inside of the cell. Calcium pumps are primary active transportproteins that help to maintain this imbalance. Describe how calcium pumpswork, including the direction of ion transport and the source of energy of thecalcium pumps.Practitioners of naturopathic medicine often use “essential oils” such as lavender oil. (Note that essential refers to their essence or scent and does not imply that these substances are necessary for health.) One of the components of lavender oil is shown below. Based on its structure, could this molecule diffuse through the cell membrane of a skin cell after the oil was applied to the skin surface?A melanosome (type of vesicle containing the pigment melanin) is transported towards the nucleus of the cell. The hydrolysis of ATP is involved with this movement. Identify the most likely motor protein and cytoskeletal filament involved with this transport.
- A rise in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration causes muscle cells to contract. in addition to an ATP- driven Ca2+ pump, muscle cells that contract quickly and regularly, such as those of the heart, have an additional type of Ca2+ pump—an antiport that exchanges Ca2+ for extracellular Na+ across the plasma membrane. The majority of the Ca2+ ions that have entered the cell during contraction are rapidly pumped back out of the cell by this antiport, thus allowing the cell to relax. ouabain and digitalis are used for treating patients with heart disease because they make heart muscle cells contract more strongly. both drugs function by partially inhibiting the Na+ pump in the plasma membrane of these cells. can you propose an explanation for the effects of the drugs in the patients? What will happen if too much of either drug is taken?Under certain stable concentration conditions, actin monomers in their ATP form will polymerize to form filaments that disperse again into free actin monomers over time. ExplainBotulism, a type of food poisoning, can affect motor neurons to result in paralysis and death. This is due to the introduction of a protease which effectively cleaves VAMP, a V-SNARE protein. What effect would this have on the motor neuron? Uncontrolled vesicle fusion with plasma membrane Prevention of vesicle docking with plasma membrane Premature release of vesicles from actin cage Prevention of vesicle movement to plasma membrane Increased secretion of neurotransmitter
- When nerve cells contact each other, they form adherens junctions (AJs) at the point of contact. The main transmembrane (TM) protein in the junctions is N-cadherin. N-cadherin is a single pass TM protein with a short intracellular domain and a large extracellular domain on the amino end. Proper formation of the AJs requires both actin (MF) and microtubules (MTs). Motor proteins for MTs are dynein (-) end and kinesin (+) end (and were discovered by Michael Sheetz). Maintenance of preformed AJs requires MFs . Adding drugs that disrupt MFs causes AJs to fall apart, and the N-cadherin is removed from the PM (by endocytosis). If the drugs are removed, MTs (& MFs) are required to restore the N-cadherin to the plasma membrane. choose answer for D1 and D2 D. Suppose cells contain a soluble kinase that modifies N-cadherin that has been removed from the PM. D-1. The kinase could catalyze modification(s) of the side chains of amino acids near (the N end) (the C end) (either end, but not…Which of the following families of actin-binding proteins promote actin filament polymerization? sequestering proteins nucleating proteins severing proteins capping proteins motor proteinsAddition of which of the following would increase the rate of actin depolymerization on the minus end of the filament by dissociating ADP-actin? Othymosin-b4 O cofilin O ATP-G-actin O profilin O Cap Z