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- 4. You are to choose the members of an expedition that will climb several high mountains. Each applicant for one of the positions is a heterozygote for an abnormal hemoglobin: Person A: Hb Albany: a methionine has been substituted for Lys 82 in the B-subunit. Person B: Hb Cowtown: a leucine has been substituted for His 146 in the B-subunit. Person C: Hb Flagstaff: an isoleucine has been substituted for Val 1 in the B-subunit. For the locations of the amino acid residues refer to your text, the figure on page 9 of this lab, and the KING exercises. Assuming that each of these candidates is equal in ability at low altitude, which one would you choose for the expedition? To answer this question, determine how the substituted amino acid affects the structure and function of each abnormal hemoglobin, and describe the physiological effect. Focus on the stabilization of the T versus R state of hemoglobin, and the consequent physiological changes that might occur altitude. Keep your answers…Crocodile hemoglobin does not bind 2,3-BPG. Instead, it binds bicarbonateion, which is a strong negative allosteric effector. Why might crocodileshave a hemoglobin that is responsive to HCO3- instead of 2,3-BPG? Recallthat crocodiles hold their prey underwater to kill them.THOUGHT QUESTION Imagine we identify a gene that is directly responsible for the effects of vasopressin on male mammals, including humans-we will call it trust1-that leads to the production of a vasopressin receptor in the brain, which we will call TRUST1. There are different versions of trust1, all of which lead to different levels of the behavior associated with this neuropeptide on male behavior. Give some examples where it would be a good idea to know a particular males genotype-that is, which of the trust1 genes he has. Give an example of when you think science has gone too far and this information should not be known.
- DONT ANSWER THE FIRST TWO, JUST THE LAST ONEStudies of oxygen transport in pregnant mammals have shown that the O2-saturation curves of fetal and maternal blood are markedly different when measured under the same conditions. Fetal erythrocytes contain a structural variant of hemoglobin, HbF, consisting of two γ and two β subunits (γ2β2), whereas maternal erythrocytes contain HbA (α2β2). (a) Which hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen under physiological conditions, HbA or HbF? Explain. (b) What is the physiological significance of the different O2 affinities? (c) When all the BPG is carefully removed from samples of HbA and HbF, the measured O2-saturation curves (and consequently the O2 affinities) are displaced to the left. However, HbA now has a greater affinity for oxygen than does HbF. When BPG is reintroduced, the O2-saturation curves return to normal, as shown in the graph. What is the effect of BPG on the O2 affinity of hemoglobin? How can the above information be used to…question: Mammalian respiration is described as "negative pressure breathing" because intra-alveolar pressure is negative during both inspiration and expiration. answer should clearly state whether or not the statement is correct and then concisely explain why. the answer should be like more than three but less than 5 sentences and address all of the points in the statement. Here is an example: Both transmembrane carrier proteins and transmembrane channel proteins can mediate active transport of a hydrophilic solute through a cell plasma membrane. This statement is incorrect. Movement of a solute through a channel protein is always passive, whereas carrier-mediated transmembrane transport can be either passive or active. A transmembrane channel protein creates a pore through the membrane allowing for simple diffusion of a hydrophilic solute down a concentration gradient through the membrane. In contrast, transmembrane carrier protein interacts with and 'escorts' a hydrophilic…In a molecular disease of hemoglobin, Hemoglobin Rainier, Tyr 145β is replaced by Cys, which forms a disulfide bond with another Cysresidue in the same subunit. This prevents the formation of ion pairs that normally stabilize the T state. How does hemoglobin Rainier differ from normal hemoglobin with respect to (A)oxygen affinity, (B)the Bohr effect, and (C)the Hillcoefficient? Explain your answers.
- Effects of BPA on phosphorylation of MAPKfamily in RAW264.7 cells conclusionThinking Question #2 The graph shown below represents the binding of oxygen molecules (O2) to two different proteins, myoglobin and hemoglobin, over a range of oxygen concentrations. Based on the graph, which pro- tein has the higher affinity for oxygen? Explain your reasoning. 100 80- 60 40 0. 20 40 60 80 Oxygen concentration (mm mercury) Myoglobín % of protein bound to O, 20 HemoglobinQuestion- Some of the reactions of NO in the blood do not cause problems at low concentrations but can upset the normal reactions of hemoglobin if there is a large concentration of NO. The same reactions can cause trouble if a synthetic blood substitute contains a molecule similar to hemoglobin but does not contain all the other enzymes normally contained in red blood cells. Explain what this problem is and how it arises.
- Comparison of Fetal and Maternal Hemoglobins.Studies of oxygen transport in pregnant mammals show that the O2-saturation curves of fetal and maternal blood are markedly different when measured under the same conditions. Fetal erythrocytes contain a structural variant of hemoglobin, HbF, consisting oftwo a and two g subunits (α2γ2), whereas maternal erythrocytes contain HbA (α2β2). a)Which hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen under physiological conditions, HbA or HbF? Explain. b)What is the physiological significance of the different O2 affinities? c)When all the BPG is carefully removed from samples of HbA and HbF, the measured O2-saturation curves (and consequently the O2affinities) are displaced to the left. However, HbA now has a greater affinity for oxygen than does HbF. When BPG is reintroduced, the O2-saturation curves return to normal, as shown in the graph. What is the effect of BPG on the O2affinity of hemoglobin? How can the above information be used…19:20 uil 4G A docs.google.com Observe the figure below and answer the following questions. Does "end A" represent the plus or the minus end? Explain. "A" End Your answer Identify the structure shown in this figure and indicate one of its functions.A variant of hemoglobin (Boston variant; mutation His E7(58)α → Tyr) promotes methemoglobin formation involving the α (alpha) subunits. What is the maximum value of the Hill constant (n) that you could measure for the Boston variant of hemoglobin? log (YO2 / 1 - YO2 ) = log pO2 - logP50 Please break down each step of the Hill equation and explain why the result for n is valid from a logical standpoint.