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please explain
![8. For the following questions, indicate how each parameter stated would alter
membrane potential (increase: makes more positive, decrease: makes more negative,
or no significant change).
A. Increasing K+ permeability on the resting membrane potential
B. Increasing the extracellular [Na+] on resting membrane potential
C. Decreasing the extracellular [Na+] on the action potential amplitude
D. Increasing the intracellular [K+] on action potential amplitude
E. Increasing Cl- permeability on resting membrane potential](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fb987d8c1-664b-448b-b573-1ab7f66094f6%2F7ad00b05-d215-47e6-a8d9-25ccdfcf6d3b%2F7jbwn4_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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- Which of the following statements best describes saltatory conduction? a. It inhibits direct neurotransmitter release. b. It transmits the action potential at the nodes of Ranvier andthus speeds up impulses on myelinated axons. c. It increases neurotransmitter release at the presynapticmembrane. d. It decreases neurotransmitter uptake at chemically gatedpostsynaptic channels. e. It removes neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft.Answer the following questions regarding conduction of action potentials using the velocities given on p. 100: a. How long would it take for an action potential to travel 0.6 m along the axon of an unmyelinated neuron of the digestive tract? b. How long would it take for an action potential to travel the same distance along the axon of a large myelinated neuron innervating a skeletal muscle? c. Suppose there were two synapses in a 0.6 m nerve tract and the delay at each synapse is 1 msec. How long would it take an action potential and chemical signal to travel the 0.6 m now, for both the myelinated and unmyelinated neurons? d. What if there were five synapses?Match the description with the statement that best describes the following statements hyperpolarization repolarization depolarization A. usually corresponds to opening of voltage-gated potassium channels B. any change in the membrane potential that moves the membrane potential to a value more positive than the resting potential (eg from -70mV to +35mV) C. any change in the membrane potential that moves the membrane potential to a value more negative than the resting potential (eg from -70mV to -85mV)
- The resting membrane potential of a neuron or muscle cell is a. equal to the potassium equilibrium potential. b. equal to the sodium equilibrium potential. c. somewhat less negative than the potassium equilibrium potential. d. somewhat more positive than the sodium equilibrium potential. e. not changed by stimulation.This patient's hypokalemia was due to his profuse sweating the previous day and the subsequent loss of potassium ions at the kidneys. How would his hypokalemia affect action potential generation? O the cell membrane potential will become more positive and facilitate action potential generation O the cell membrane potential will become more negative and it will be more difficult to generate an action potential action potentials will be generated at a higher frequency O a and cThe action potential is split into 4 parts (A-D). For each part, 1. Describe what stimulated the channel responsible for this part, 2. what is the likely ion that is moving and 3. explain which direction the ion had to move to create the measured membrane potential. +40 B D membrane potential (mV) -40 -60 A { 2 time (ms)
- Match the stages of action potential with the appropriate image or description. 1. Resting membrane potential 2. Threshold 3. Depolarization 4. Repolarization 5. Hyperpolarization 6. Refractory period The potential difference that must be met in order for an action potential to be generated When the potential drops below resting level When the potential starts to decrease again after it has reached a maximum Occurs at -77 mV When the membrane is resetting and an action potential cannot yet be produced again When the sodium channels are open Occurs at -55 mVThe resting membrane potential results fromA. uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane only.B. differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ onlyC. activity of the sodium/potassium pump only.D. uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane, differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+, and sodium/potassium pump activityWhich of these terms is correctly matched with its definition ordescription?a. depolarization: membrane potential becomes more negativeb. hyperpolarization: membrane potential becomes more negativec. hypopolarization: membrane potential becomes more negative
- Why do voltage-gated sodium channels have three states (open, closed, refractory/open-block)? Select all that apply. Select one or more answers and submit. For keyboard navigation... SHOW MORE ✓ a b с Multiple answers: Multiple answers are accepted for this question d To keep action potentials from going backwards To speed up the refractory period To prevent the channels from opening during repolarization To allow hyperpolarization to occur Answered ResubmitMatch the stages of action potential with the appropriate image or description. PICK AND MATCH FROM THESE 1. Resting membrane potential 2. Threshold 3. Depolarization 4. Repolarization 5. Hyperpolarization 6. Refractory period The potential difference that must be met in order for an action potential to be generated When the potential drops below resting level Location 3 on this image When the potential starts to decrease again after it has reached a maximum Location 4 on this image Occurs at -77 mV When the membrane is resetting and an action potential cannot yet be produced again When the sodium channels are open Occurs at -55 mVEpilepsy is a condition which results in seizures stemming from excessive or abnormal activity of neurons. This can occur either from hyperexcitability of excitatory neurons, or impairment of inhibitory neurons. That is to say, either the excitatory pathways become overactive, or the inhibitory pathways, designed to temper the excitatory pathways, are not active enough. Much of the research done on epilepsy focuses on voltage-gated sodium channels, and to date over 700 different mutations to the channel have been identified as playing a role in epilepsy. The means by which these mutations contribute to epilepsy is quite complex, but for the sake of this CAL, let's simplify and apply what we have learned so far to identify potential mechanisms for this condition. In what way could voltage-gated sodium channels be affected in excitatory neurons which would increase the likelihood of the neuron firing an action potential? (one correct answer) The inactivation gate is slower to close. The…
