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- Palmitoleic acid, 16:1Δ⁹ hexadecaenoic acid, (16 carbon FA with one double bond )is an important fatty acid component of TAGs and cell membranes. Briefly explain the process of beta oxidation of this fatty acid and the number (only) of FADH, NADH and acetyl CoA outcome. What is the total ATP (only number) generated from this fatty acid after beta oxidation.Describe the biochemical role of coenzyme Q10 and how supplementation may impact metabolism. Be sure to address the key terms listed below as part of your discussion; you may address additional etiologies as well. coenzyme Q Complex I Complex II Complex III ubiquinone ubiquinol Electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation Reactive oxygen speciesАСTVITY 10.8.1 Fill in the blanks to make the glycogenesis pathway correct. The first step in glycogenesis is the attachment of a-D-glucose to In this process, catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to pyrophosphorylase glucose 1- phosphate. UDP-glucose catalyze the conversion of into However, glycogen synthase, which catalyzes the fomation of_ chain synthesis by using free glucose as an acceptor of UDP to fom UDP- _linkage, cannot initiate the glucose. Thus, there is a fragment of glycogen from glycogen stores that are not totally depleted which will serve as absence of glycogen fragment, a protein called , serve as acceptor of glucose residues from UDP-glucose. This enzyme then in cells. In the can catalyzes the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose to the glucosyl chain. This glucosyl chain will be elongated by enzyme. Elongation of the glycogen chain includes the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose to the end of the growing chain. With the action of branching enzyme,…
- phosphofructokinase reaction of Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a regulator of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis for the glycolysis and the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase reaction of gluconeogenesis. In turn, the concentration of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is regulated by many hormones, second messengers, and enzymes. Classify each condition according to its effect on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Activates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis Activates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis Answer Bank activation of PFK-2 increased glucagon levels increased levels of cAMP increased levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2)phosphofructokinase reaction of Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a regulator of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis for the glycolysis and the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase reaction of gluconeogenesis. In turn, the concentration of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is regulated by many hormones, second messengers, and enzymes. Classify each condition according to its effect on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Activates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis activation of PFK-2 increased levels of cAMP Activates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis increased levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2) increased glucagon levelsCompare and contrast Pyruvate Dehydrogenase with a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseOutline the mechanisms of both enzymes. Discuss the functions of the coenzymes. List the similarities and the differences between the 2 enzymes. Both are very large membrane bound complexes. What are the advantages of this strategy?How detailed is the enzyme structure known below(It's Pyruvate Dehydrogenase )? What insight(s) does this structural detail give you about the enzyme mechanism.
- Calculate the total number of ATP that can be generated from the ß-oxidation of paulinic acid? ОН 1. How many ATP expended for activating fatty acid to fatty acyl-CoA? How many rounds of beta oxidation? How many FADH2 per round of beta oxidation? Is there any point in the beta oxidation of an unsaturated fatty acid where we skip over FADH, production? How many FADH, total from beta oxidation? How many NADH per round of beta oxidation? How many NADH total from beta oxidation? How many acetyl-CoA are produced through beta oxidation? 6. 2. 3. 4. 5. How many NADH and FADH, are produced per acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle? How many NADH total from all acetyl-CoA running through the citric acid cycle? How many FADH, total from all acetyl-CoA running through the citric acid cycle? How many ATP are produced per acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle? How many ATP total from all acetyl-CoA running through the citric acid cycle? How many ATP per NADH,? 9. 7. 1. 8. How many ATP per FADH,? 10.…Briefly explain the malate-aspartate shuttle. Distinguish between this shuttle with the glycerol -phosphate shuttle based upon their transport of reducing equivalents and their potential for ATP synthesis.Discuss the regulation of fatty acid metabolism by the isozymic forms of acetyl CoA carboxylase. Explain the reciprocal control of fatty acid synthesis and degradation and the various means by which this control is achieved
- Help filling in the blanks: The malate aspartate shuttle plays many roles in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Malate can be transferred into the cytosol and interconverted in one enzymatic step to produce [oxaloacetate/glucose/PEP/pyruvate] for use in the pathway of [glycolysis/gluconeogenesis]. A product of the urea cycle, derived from aspartate, can also be converted to malate in one enzymatic step and shuttled into the mitochondria so that the urea cycle product can be used in [fatty acid synthesis/the citric acid cycle/β-oxidation]. The amino group from aspartate can be transferred to [oxalacetate/malate/fumarate/pyruvate/a- ketoglutarate] to form glutamate, which is then transported into the mitochondria. In fact many amino acids are transaminated in this way to form glutamate in the cytosol. In this way, incoming amino acids from the bloodstream can be shuttled into the liver mitochondria as glutamate for conversion by glutamate dehydrogenase to [glutamate/a-ketoglutarate…In fatty acid biosynthesis explain the following two parts -(a) What effect will an increase in oxaloacetate in mitochondria have on fatty acid biosynthesis?(b) How insulin and glucagon affect fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis reactions/pathways, name them.- Outline the mechanism of the conversion of a-ketoglutarate to succinyl- CoA catalyzed by a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Include all products, coenzymes, and reactions in your discussion.