Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across our respiratory surface into and out of the blood via simple diffusion. The respiratory membrane is thin so gases diffuse only a short distance through the liquid and into the blood. Fluid buildup in the lungs increases the distance through the liquid medium. How does this impact the concentration of oxygen in the blood? Explain.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across our respiratory surface into and out of the blood via simple diffusion. The respiratory membrane is thin so gases diffuse only a short distance through the liquid and into the blood. Fluid buildup in the lungs increases the distance through the liquid medium. How does this impact the concentration of oxygen in the blood? Explain.

Human Biology (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305112100

Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan

Chapter10: The Respiratory System

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1SQ: A partial pressure gradient of oxygen exists between ________. a. air and lungs b. lungs and...

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You have read about the Respiratory system in your Animal Physiology classes and are very excited to share the knowledge with one of your friend in the Chemistry Department. You explain to him the gas exchange between tissues and blood. However, your friend is very confused about the fact that how almost an equal amount of O2 & CO2 is exchanged in normal human (even during exercise) when the diffusion coefficient of CO2 is 20 times that of O2 (as CO2 is much more soluble in body tissues than O2). a) Explain the reason for the same to your friend. b) Why this equilibrium can’t be maintained in people who have a diseased lung with thickened walls?
How does the concept of partial pressure explain the diffusion of oxygen into our blood stream? Why does this become more difficult at high altitudes?
(a) The partial pressure of CO2 in the lungs can be varied rapidly by the rate and depth of breathing. For example, a common remedy to alleviate hiccups is to increase the concentration of CO2 in the lungs. This can be achieved by holding one’s breath, by very slow and shallow breathing (hypoventilation), or by breathing in and out of a paper bag.Under such conditions, pCO2 in the air space of the lungs rises above normal. Qualitatively explain the effect of these procedures on the blood pH.(b) A common practice of competitive short-distance runners is to breathe rapidly and deeply (hyperventilate) for about half a minute to remove CO2from their lungs just before the race begins. Blood pH may rise to 7.60. Explain why the blood pH increases.(c) During a short-distance run, the muscles produce a large amount of lactic acid (CH2CH(OH)COOH; K2 = 1.38 × 10 –4 M) from their glucose stores. Why might hyperventilation before a dash be useful?
The diffusion coefficient of a gas is a constant and is not affected by disease states or treatment options. In contrast the other factors that determine gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane is affected by changes.Name the factors that can cause an increase in the diffusion rate through the respiratory membrane and provide detailed examples of conditions that will cause this increase.
The transportation of carbon dioxide involves a reversible reaction involving the bicarbonate ion. If this reaction was not readily reversible, then carbon dioxide would would drop, as high carbon dioxide levels cause hyperventilation build up in the tissues and become toxic would remain at a constant level, as red blood cells are frequently replaced be released in the lungs when the concentration gradient become large
The respiratory membrane is found in the________ .This membrane consists of the wall of a(n)_______ and the wall of a(n)________ joined by proteinstrands. The respiratory membrane is (how many?)______cell(s) thick. The inside of the respiratory membrane is coated with a watery fluid containing_______.
Oxygen diffuses from the inhaled air in the alveoli of the lungs, where its concentration is higher, into the cytoplasm of red blood cells, where its concentration is lower. Patients diagnosed with emphysema have damaged alveoli. This results to fewer, larger air spaces instead of many small ones. Explain how this damage can lead to shortness of breath? The surface area of lungs is reduced. Hence, less oxygen can diffuse into the red blood cells. The surface area of lungs is increased. Hence, more oxygen can diffuse into the red blood B cells. The surface area of lungs is reduced. Hence, more oxygen can diffuse into the red blood cells. The surface area of lungs is increased. Hence, less oxygen can diffuse into the red blood cells.
The alveoli and blood capillaries make up the gas exchange surface of the lungs, and as the arrows in the diagram (Figure 3) illustrate, this is where oxygen and carbon dioxide move in a particular direction. a) With reference to simple diffusion, explain why oxygen and carbon dioxide move in the directions illustrated by the arrows. b) The gas exchange surface is specifically adapted to maximise the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in these illustrated directions. Explain at least three of these adaptations.
The respiratory process involves hemoglobin (Hgb), an iron-containing compound found in red blood cells. In the process, carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells as molecular CO2, while O2 simultancously enters the tissue cells. A significant fraction of the CO, leaving the tissue cells enters red blood cells and reacts with hemoglobin; the CO, that does not enter the red blood cells (O in the figure below) remains dissolved in the blood and is transported to the lungs. Some of theCO, entering the red blood cells reacts with hemoglobin to form a compound (Hgb-CO, 2 in the figure). When the red blood cells reach the lungs, the Hgb-CO, dissociates, releasing free CO,. Meanwhile, the CO, that enters the red blood cells but does not react with hemoglobin combines with water to form carbonic acid, H¿CO3, which then dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions (O in the figure). The bicarbonate ions diffuse out of the cells (O in the figure), and the ions are transported to the lungs…
A respiratory disorder is accompanied by an increase in distance between the air sacs (alveoli) and capillaries. If the distance increased by 5 fold then the time for 02 to diffuse between the air sac and capillary (hint: Einstein's diffusion equations) decreased 5 fold increased 5 fold decreased 25 fold increased 25 fold
The basolateral surface of the airway epithelium interacts with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and adjacent cells. Integrins stabilize the cell by attaching the cell's cytoskeleton to the ECM. The integrin protein, which passes through the plasma membrane, interacts with the extracellular matrix outside the cell, and the cytoskeleton inside the cell. What best describes how integrins are formed? a.) Integrins are translated by ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, with their ECM binding site facing the lumen b.) Integrins are translated by ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, with their ECM binding site facing away from the lumen c.) Integrins are translated by ribosomes located in the cytoplasm beneath the apical surface of the cell d.) Integrins are translated by ribosomes located in the cytoplasm beneath the basolateral surface of the cell
All of the following factors increase hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen EXCEPT: Increased temperature Increased pH Decreased pCO2 Decreased 2,3-DPG All of the above increase hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen The conduction zone: Question 7 options: participates in some gas exchange secretes mucus which is moved down into the respiratory zone of the lungs dries moist air as it moves into the respiratory zone equilibrates incoming air to body temperature none of the above are correct The respiratory membrane for gas exchange includes (select the best answer): Question 8 options: Capillary endothelial cells Type I alveolar cells Type II alveolar cells A and B above A and C above