One advantage of case-control studies is that the temporal relationship between exposure and outcome cannot always be ascertained. True or False?
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One advantage of case-control studies is that the temporal relationship between exposure and outcome cannot always be ascertained.
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- The following case study is a paraphrase from "Good Clinical Practice. Standard Operating Procedures for Clinical Researchers" (Kolman, J., Meng, P. and Scott, G. editors; John Wiley and Sons publishers, 1998): “While a study subject and a relative were walking in town one day during the summer, a hanging flower basket fell on a study subjects head, resulting in the study subject falling down and becoming unconscious. The subject’s relative called for an ambulance. On arrival at a local hospital’s Emergency Department, in which the subject regained consciousness but could not recall the event, a x-ray revealed a fractured skull. The subject’s consciousness level at this point was deteriorating and after further tests a subdural hematoma was diagnosed, which was evacuated under general anesthesia. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and progressing well until day four, when the patient developed acute dyspnea (shortness of breath) at rest during visiting time. An emergency lung scan…Which of the following is the most appropriate measure of association used in case-control studies? a. Hazard Ratio b. Odds Ratio c. Prevalence Ratio d. Relative Risk or Risk RatioThe concept of hierarchy of control describes the order of effectives of mitigation measure. The effectiveness of mitigating the risk relies on the combination of all the different control measures. O Both statements are true O First statement is false, second statement is true O First statement is true, second statement is false O Both statements are false
- Why is it important to know if the goals set with patients are realistic?Why must an investigator use a “placebo” treatment to evaluate the effectiveness of an ergogenic aid?State for each of the following statements if they are true or false: a. Cumulative incidence ratio, incidence rate ratio and prevalence are always unitless. b. For a given exposure and outcome, if the incidence rate ratio is < 1, then the incidence rate difference is < 0. c. An odds of 2:3 has the same magnitude as a risk of 2/5. d. In a case-control study comparing the association of a specific exposure between cases and controls, the only measure of association that we can directly calculate is the odds ratio. e. Attributable risk is more informative to policymaking than cumulative incidence ratio. Please answer asap and type your answer and do not copy from anywhere please
- State for each of the following statements if they are true or false: a. Cumulative incidence ratio, incidence rate ratio and prevalence are always unitless. b. For a given exposure and outcome, if the incidence rate ratio is < 1, then the incidence rate difference is < 0. c. An odds of 2:3 has the same magnitude as a risk of 2/5. d. In a case-control study comparing the association of a specific exposure between cases and controls, the only measure of association that we can directly calculate is the odds ratio. e. Attributable risk is more informative to policymaking than cumulative incidence ratio.QUESTION 1 Match each description to the correct study design. Study designs may be used more than once. ◆ Incidence data is not available with this study design, so an odds ratio is an appropriate measure of association to calculate. ◆ This study design allows for the evaluation of multiple outcomes. ◆ The temporal sequence between the exposure and outcome is clear for this study design; therefore, incidence data is available and a risk ratio can be calculated. ◆ With this study design, exposure status is assessed, and then participants are followed up over time to see who develops the outcome. ◆ Recall bias is a common issue with this study design because exposure information is collected from the past. QUESTION 2 A. Cohort study B. Case-control study Consider the following scenario for the questions that follow. In a recent case-control study, investigators enrolled 300 adults with heart disease and 300 healthy adults. During interviews with the participants, the investigators…Why is it important and crucial for investigators to examine incidence density rather than cumulative incidence of intravenous drug use (IDU) in the studies that followed non-ID users over time? A. Incidence density increases with a greater follow-up period B. Incidence density is a better measure for a uniform follow-up period C. Incidence density is a rate, and, hence, accounts for different follow-up periods D. None of the above
- In the context of a case-control study, a pro of recruiting incident cases rather than prevalent cases is: a. Incidence is easier to assess than prevalence b. Incidence provides a measure of the burden of disease at one “snapshot” in time c. Using incident cases allows researchers to account for case-deaths that would not be evident if only prevalent cases were considered d. None of the aboveDiscuss the concept of risk return.Answer the following questions using data from the figure above. a. What is the overall treatment effect? b. Provide a written interpretation of the treatment effect and 95% confidence interval. Support you answer with data from the table above. c. Would you implement the intervention (YES or NO)? Provide rationale for your answer considering the spheres of the EIDM model.
