O, saturation curve is shown below for hemoglobin at various pHs. Detail this Bohr effect from the molecular perspective. Be sure to include discussion of what causes this (i.e. specific amino acids), why the curves are right shifted with decreasing pH, and why this is logical in delivery of O, to areas of higher demand. 100 Myoglobin NO- pH 7.6 60 pH 7.4 pH 7.2 pH 7.0 40 pH 6.8 20 Venous Percent saturation
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- A person was found to have very low levels of functional beta globin mRNA and therefore very low levels of the beta globin protein. What problems would this cause for assembling functional haemoglobin molecules?pO2 in tissues p02 in lungs 1.00 Oxygen-binding curves for normal Normal Hb hemoglobin, 50% carboxyhemoglobin, and hemoglobin from 0.8 an anemic individual. 0.6 Y 50% COHB 0.4- Anemic individual 0.2 4 8 12 pO2 (kPa) Box 5-1 Figure 2 Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Seventh Edition O 2017 W. H. Freeman and Company r aye i UIE I. Answer the following questions. Do not forget the units. 1) From the binding curve for normal Hb shown above, what is the Ka of normal hemoglobin?Figure 5 shows oxyhemoglobin dissociatlon curves at pH 7.2 and pH 7.4. Which of the following is true at PO2 less than 40 mm Hg? 27. % saturation af haemogiobin 100 pH 7.4 80 60 pH 7.2 40 + 20 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Po; (mm Hg) Figure 5 A. Hemoglobin retains less O2 at pH 7.4 compared to pH 7.2. B. Hemoglobin retains less O2 at pH 7.2 compared to pH 7.4. C. The release of O2 from hemoglobin is not influenced by the production of CO2. D. At pH 7.2 where CO2 production is less than pH 7.4, hemoglobin releases less O2.
- Tissue cell Sel tisu Blood plasma Plasma darah ньсо, co, H,0 H* HbH* Red Blood cell Systemic capillary Карpilari Sel darah merah sistemik Interstitial fluid Bendalir interstitial Figure 5 Rajah 5 i. Identify P. Kenalpasti P. Name the enzyme involved in the conversion of carbon dioxide into Q. Namakan enzim yang terlibat dalam pertukaran karbon dioksida kepada Q. ii. iii. Based on Figure 5, state the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in interstitial fluid that causes gases exchanges. Berdasarkan Rajah 5, nyatakan tekanan separa oksigen dan karbon dioksida dalam bendalir tisu yang menyebabkan pertukaran gas.0.3 M Glycerin, 0.3 Urea are both 0.3, but thei effect on RBCs is very different than 0.3 M Glucose. Glycerin = glycerol, which is a non-polar molecule. Urea is a small molecule which passes though membrane easily by facilitated diffusion. Predict the fate of a red blood cell placed in 0.3 M glycerin and in a 0.3 M Urea. Explain why these changes might take place.Using the data on enhanced coagulation and TTHM and HAA5 yield data and propose modification to the design necessary if your treatment process cannot meet the new regulation that specifies a maximum 80 and 60 ppb of TTHM and HAA5, respectively Table 2: DOC concentration achieved after enhanced coagulation pH Dose 5 6 7 8 0 5 5 5 5 10 3.07 3.21 3.42 3.59 20 2.05 2.63 3.17 3.37 40 1.71 2.22 3.00 3.32
- Calculate the hemoglobin concentration of an unknown sample given the following info: concentration of known = 12.5 g/dl; absorbance of unknown = 0.48; absorbance of known = 0.65 a. 16.9 g/dl b. 9.2 g/dl c. 8.7 g/dl d. 11.3 g/dl e. 10.4 g/dlHemoglobin poz in lungs tissues (4,500 m) po2 in lungs (sea level) po2 in 8. Lack of 2,3-BPG can be deadly. 1.0 BPG = 0 mM 38% A) What is 2,3-BPG? How is it produced and why does hemoglobin need 2,3- 30% ВPG? 37%- Y 0.5 B) Under what physiological conditions are blood levels of 2,3-BPG elevated? C) How does an increased level of 2,3-BPG help our bodies compensate through crises of a low availability of external oxygen? Highlight the action of 2,3-BPG on hemoglobin in your answer. BPG - 5 mM at sea level BPG 8 mM at high altitudes (4,500 m) 4 8 12 16 pO2 (kPa) Figure 5-17 Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Seventh Edition O 2017 W. H. Freeman and CompanyKCI for injection contains 40 mEq in 20 mL. An order requires 15 mEq, how many mL are needed?
- Infuse heparin at 1,200 units per hour from a solution containing 40,000 units of heparin in 500 mL D5W. How many mL/hr will deliver the ordered dosage?Data for standard glucose concentrations Glucose concentration (mm) 0 0.5 1 1.5 -~~ 2 2.5 A Data for plasma samples B Patient Timepoint (hours) C D E 0 0.5 1 2 0 0.5 1 2 0 0.5 1 2 1. Draw a standard curve of absorbance at 420nm against glucose concentration in mmoles/L. We recommend you use Excel or a similar programme to insert the graph Alternatively, you can draw by hand on graph paper and insert a photo of the graph. OON 0 0.5 1 Absorbance 1 0.000 0.477 0.947 1.234 1.733 2.160 2 0 0.5 1 Absorbance Absorbance 2 0.000 0.482 0.941 1.236 1.721 2.276 Absorbance Glucose concentration Glucose concentration Abs 1 Abs 2 Average from graph (mM) in plasma (mm) 0.635 0.632 0.629 1.368 1.370 1.369 1.382 1.388 1.385 1.151 1.147 1.149 0.566 0.844 0.869 0.772 0.395 0.397 0.399 0.850 0.858 0.854 0.738 0.744 0.741 0.539 0.531 0.535 0.776 0.780 0.778 1.475 1.481 1.478 1.446 1.444 1.445 1.302 1.296 1.299 0.560 0.563 0.848 0.846 0.871 0.870 0.774 0.773 Average 0.000 0.480 0.944 1.235 1.727 2.218 0.440…Q) Following an intensive course of chemotherapy, a 48-year-old woman had a thorough laboratory evaluation, selected results of which are: Hemoglobin 8 g/dL, hematocrit 32% Arterial blood gases: pH 7.38, Pa.CO₂ 42 mm Hg, bicarbonate 25 mEq/L, Pa.O2 62 mm Hg, O₂ saturation 92%. Given that the O2 binding capacity of hemoglobin is 1.34 ml/g, calculate the O2 capacity of her hemoglobin. A) 9.86 ml/dL B) 9.86 mm Hg C) 9.86 mEq/L D) 10.72 ml/dL E) 10.72 mEq/L Ans: D 6.11. Following an intensive course of chemotherapy, a 48-year-old woman had a thorough laboratory evaluation, selected results of which are: Hemoglobin 8 g/dL, hematocrit 32% Arterial blood gases: pH 7.38, Pa.CO₂ 42 mm Hg, bicarbonate 25 mEq/L, Pa.O₂ 64 mm Hg, O₂ saturation 92%. Given that the O2 binding capacity of hemoglobin is 1.34 ml/g, calculate the O2 content of her arterial hemoglobin. A) 9.86 ml/dL B) 9.86 mm Hg C) 9.86 mEq/L D) 10.72 ml/dL E) 10.72 mEq/L Ans: A