Infection rates for many STIs continue to be highest among young people (typically defined as around 15–24 years old). What are some reasons for this? What would you recommend to increase prevention or encourage testing or treatment among this group?
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Infection rates for many STIs continue to be highest among young people (typically defined as around 15–24 years old). What are some reasons for this? What would you recommend to increase prevention or encourage testing or treatment among this group?
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- An enzyme immunoassay for the detection of chlamydia trachomatis in cervical specimens has a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 98% when compared with culture. This test will be used by an HMO to screen women of reproductive age who are receiving their annual examination. A previous study, which used culture to screen 1000 women, determined that the prevalence of infection was 2%. In this population, which of the following is the predictive value of a positive screening test?In 2004, a study investigated the frequency of syphilis in a remote Australian community a total of 132 people participated in the study. A serological tests to diagnose cases of early syphilis were conducted for each participant during 2004. Two cases were identified. The researchers followed those at risk for another year, and during this time frame another person was diagnosed. (a) What was the prevalence of syphilis in 2004? (b) What was the prevalence of syphilis among study participants at the end of 2005 Assume no loss to follow-up? (c) What was the cumulative incidence of Syphilis over the study period?What is disease causation theory? Define personalistic and naturalistic disease causation using films and/or readings.
- A group of researchers wanted to evaluate the effectiveness of mask-wearing, handwashing, social distancing, and other personal protective measures in preventing COVID-19 infections They recruited two groups of participants. Those in group 1 tested positive for COVID-19, whereas those in group 2 tested negative for COVID-19. Each of the participants in each group had a history of recent contact with someone who was confirmed COVID-19 positive . Thereafter, participants in each group were asked whether they wore a face mask, the type of mask, and the frequency of wearing a mask; whether and how frequently they practiced handwashing; and whether they complied with social distancing guidelines. The above describes which of the following epidemiological study designs ? a. Cohort study b. Descriptive study c. Cross-sectional study d. Case-control studyThe vertical transmission of certain communicable diseases from mother-to-child during pregnancy and birth is of great concern to public health practitioners because it represents a critical period for intervention. If practitioners can determine at birth whether the disease has been transmitted from mother-to-child, they can act immediately to provide the child with treatment. Syphilis is a disease with high risk for vertical transmission from mother-to-child. If a child becomes infected and is not treated, there can be negative health outcome such as blindness, deafness, and neurological damage. Inspired by the advent of rapid HIV tests that provide quick results and are minimally invasive, suppose that researchers have been working to develop a similar test that can be used for syphilis. After obtaining appropriate institutional approval and patient consent, the researchers test their rapid syphilis test at several birthing hospitals and compare it to the gold standard laboratory…The vertical transmission of certain communicable diseases from mother-to-child during pregnancy and birth is of great concern to public health practitioners because it represents a critical period for intervention. If practitioners can determine at birth whether the disease has been transmitted from mother-to-child, they can act immediately to provide the child with treatment. Syphilis is a disease with high risk for vertical transmission from mother-to-child. If a child becomes infected and is not treated, there can be negative health outcome such as blindness, deafness, and neurological damage. Inspired by the advent of rapid HIV tests that provide quick results and are minimally invasive, suppose that researchers have been working to develop a similar test that can be used for syphilis. After obtaining appropriate institutional approval and patient consent, the researchers test their rapid syphilis test at several birthing hospitals and compare it to the gold standard laboratory…
- Below are a list of virulence factors/ strategies paired with an example of an organism that utilizes them. How do each of the following strategies contribute to the virulence of the pathogen? Strategy - Causes the host to produce more receptors (Organism - Rhinovirus) Strategy - Produces gas as a product of fermentation (Organism - Clostridium perfringens) Strategy - Produces a capsule (organism - Klebsiella pneumonia) Strategy - Ability to move between adjacent cells (organism - Cytomegalovirus) Strategy - Ability to use pilus as a motility structure (organism - Pseudomonas aerogenosa)An epidemiological study of 500 men between the ages of 20 and 65 years of age revealed a correlation between an increased consumption of tomatoes and a lower incidence of prostate cancer. The results of this study do not prove that increased tomato consumption lowers the risk for prostate cancer because: A) The study shows a correlation between two factors that may or may not actually have an effect on each other. B) The study does not show how tomatoes lower prostate cancer risk. C) A single study cannot provide enough evidence to conclusively prove an effect. D) All of the above are valid reasons.Rate of HIV Infection in Alberta by Age Group, 1998-2001 Rate of Chlamydia in Alberta by Age Group, 2004 30 1 600 1 200 800 400 0-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-59 60+ 0-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-5455-59 60-64 65+ Age Group (years) Age Group (years) Rate of Gonorrhea in Alberta by Age Group, 2004 Rate of Syphilis in Alberta by Age Group, 2004 200 150 100 50 0-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-59 60+ 0-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+ Age Group (years) Age Group (years) Based on the information presented in the graphs above, place the following STIS in the order of how many Canadians are affected yearly. The lowest number of people affected would be shown by number 1 and the highest by number 4. • Chlamydia + HIV • Syphilis + Gonorrhea Rate per 100 000 Rate per 100 000
- Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease. Below is a graph showing the prevalence of cases of pertussis in England and Wales. Answer ALL of the following questions based on the graph. 1) What do the orange and the green lines signify? 2) Make TWO inferences on the relationship between the orange and the green lines. 3) Estimate within a 5-year span, the approximate time that a vaccine for pertussis became available.What are the impacts of the following diseases on individuals and society; Covid-19, osteoporosis and HIV. Consider how the life of the individual is affected e.g. their ability to live a normal life and go to work. Also include how their community is affected, e.g. travel restrictions, cost of drug treatment, orphan children, isolation of sections of society.An epidemiological study involved 674 workers of a vinyl chloride (a plastic manufacturing chemical) manufacturing plant. The study aimed to determine an association between exposure to vinyl chloride and liver cancer. Out of 200 workers who routinely worked in vinyl chloride production area, 15 developed liver cancer. Another group of workers consisting of individuals with smoking histories similar to the plant workers, and who were unlikely to have encountered vinyl chloride, had 24 develop liver cancers and 450 who did not develop liver cancer. a. Given the above information, fill in the 2x2 table below: Exposed: Plant workers Not Exposed: Control group TOTAL b. Calculate the relative risk Developed Liver Cancer Did not Develop Liver Cancer TOTAL 674
