Individuals who express HLA-B27 are 90 times more likely to develop the autoimmune disorder ankylosing spondylitis than individuals with a different HLA allele at this locus. Which of the following is the conclusion of the above statement? Select one:
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- Individuals who express HLA-B27 are 90 times more likely to develop the autoimmune disorder ankylosing spondylitis than individuals with a different HLA allele at this locus. Which of the following is the conclusion of the above statement? Select one: A. Autoimmune disorders must have genetic components. B. None of the choices given is true. C. HLA-B27 causes ankylosing spondylitis. D. Patients with ankylosing spondylitis express HLA-B27. E. Individuals with HLA-B27 will develop ankylosing spondylitis.It has been suggested that complexes of IgE with allergen can be transferred from mother to child and render the child more predisposed to allergic disease. A. Identify two ways in which this type of sensitization might occur. B. Which molecule, found on the surface of the antigen presenting cell and the B cell, has a key role in mediating the production of allergen-specific IgE by fetal B cells?The expression of MHC class II molecules is restricted to a small number of cell types. A. What are these cell types? B. Which of these cell types populate the thymus or circulate through it, and what role do they play in mediating positive and/or negative selection? C. Can you explain why it would be detrimental for noncirculating cells that populate tissues and glands to express MHC class II molecules?
- Fig. 1. AKAP11 and RIα are degraded by autophagy. (A) Brain lysates of Atg7F/F (Control) and Atg7F/F-SynCre (cKO) were subjected to immunoblottinganalysis with the indicated antibodies. (B) Quantification of protein levels in A. Unpaired Student’s t tests were used, and values are presented as mean ± SEM(n = 3 mice/genotype). **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant. (C) Brain lysates of Atg14F/F (Control) and Atg14F/F-SynCre (cKO) were subjected toimmunoblotting analysis with the indicated antibodies. (D) Quantification of protein levels in C. Unpaired Student’s t tests were used, and values are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 4 mice/genotype). **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant. (E) Atg7 WT and Atg7 KO MEF cells were nutrient starved by usingEBSS for the indicated times, and cells were assayed by immunoblotting analysis with the indicated antibodies. (F) Quantification of the protein levels from Ewas obtained by normalizing the level of proteins to Actin,…Surprisingly, humans as well as mice deficient in the complement protein, C3, have greatly reduced antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigens, and are impaired in their ability to control HSV infections. When C3-deficient mice are infected with HSV, once at day 0 and then a second time 4 weeks later, their antibody response is altered compared to wild-type mice, as shown in the figure #3 below. a) What is a likely explanation for the altered antibody response in the absence of complement C3? For fugure #4: For this experiment, mice are infected with varying doses of the HSV-rd virus, and peak IgG responses to the viral surface glycoproteins are measured. The results are shown in the fugure #4. b) What is the most likely explanation for these data? Do these results impact your answer to the part above (a)? Explain your reasoning.Which of the following holds true if a woman carries one defective Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) allele? (Select all that apply.) a. She has no functional B cells and is therefore unable to produce antibodies. b. She will transmit the defective allele to 50% of her children. c. If her husband has a normal form of BTK, then 50% of her daughters will not be able to produce antibodies. d. Her B cells will exhibit non-random X-chromosome inactivation. e. She requires monthly injections of gamma globulin to prevent bronchiectasis.
- In which of the following ways are T-cell receptors distinct from immunoglobulins? (Select all that apply.) a. T-cell receptors are generated through somatic recombination. b. The T-cell repertoire encompasses a very large degree of diversity. c. T-cell receptors are never secreted subsequent to antigen encounter. d. The variable region of T-cell receptors contains complementarity-determining regions that interact with antigen. e. T-cell receptors are used solely for the purpose of antigen recognition and not for effector function.In general MHC 1 receptors harboring antigen are recognized by the CD-8 receptor on T-cells; furthermore, MHC 2 receptors harboring antigen are recognized by CD-4 receptor on T-cells. What is the significance of this specific interaction between these different cells types? A. CD-4 and CD-8 markers are found on T-helper and T-cytotoxic cells, respectively, and these two proteins are responsible for mediating self-recognition between antigen presenting cells and T-cells by binding a specific epitope on their cognate MHC receptor complex. B. Both CD-4 and CD-8 are responsible for controlling and mediating the secretion of cytokines by T-cells. C. Professional Macrophages expressing MHC 2 complex and other cells that express MHC 1 complex bind CD-4 and CD-8 respectively, but the interaction between these immune cells are inconsequential. D. None of the above are significant or correct.Genetic factors contribute to the development of IgE-mediated allergic disease. Genetic studies have identified more than 40 genes that show allelic variations associated with the development of allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis, as well as the predisposition to develop allergies to particular antigens. Among these genes are several that implicate CD4 T cell responses in the development of these allergic diseases. Name two genes (or gene clusters) associated with atopic diseases that indicate a central role for CD4 T cells in these diseases.
- A. In general, which genes have been found to correlate best with susceptibility or resistance to autoimmune diseases? (Do not specify individual genes or diseases.) B. What general hypothesis has been proposed to account for this association?Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation EXCEPT one. Select the one answer that does NOT describe the classical pathway of complement activation. a. It is an example of overlap between innate and adaptive immune function. b. It requires that circulating antibodies are bound to antigens. c. Classical activation will result in enhanced inflammation, opsonization as well as formation of MAC proteins. d. It activates T helper cells by presenting antigen to them.CD8 T cells in a culture are analyzed for their ability to produce the cytokine IFN-g, and the numbers of IFN-g-producing CD8 T cells are quantified. As a control, T cells are also stimulated with an irrelevant non-viral peptide (ova) plus dendritic cells. The results are shown in the figure below. Why is the T cell response different between the two lymph node populations?