In which part of the alimentary canal does bile enter? When a protein folds into its tertiary structure how does the primary structure change ? What is the end result of renin-angiotensin aldosterone system raas activation?
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In which part of the alimentary canal does bile enter?
When a protein folds into its tertiary structure how does the primary structure change ?
What is the end result of renin-angiotensin aldosterone system raas activation?
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- From the physiological perspective, what is the most important constituent of bile? What are its importance? Can you please give at least 5?In terms of structure, how is cholesterol different from bile salts? Cite causes of bile duct obstruction and symptoms.Describe the main actions in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine during lipid digestion and absorption. Describe the substrate(s) and product(s) of each of the give major enzymes we discussed: lingual lipase, gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase, phospholipase A2, and carboxyl ester lipase. Describe emulsification of lipids. Why does this need to happen for digestion and absorption to occur? Describe how lipids are absorbed at the apical membrane. Describe lipid transport in the enterocyte. Describe lipid transport across the basolateral membrane and into circulation. Define the brain-gut axis and give examples of how lipids impact. Give examples of symptoms related to malabsorption of lipids. Give examples of diseases/conditions involving malabsorption of lipids.
- What is the danger of excessive amount of cholesterol in bile? Explain why.1) Identify the protein-hydrolyzing enzymes in the digestive tract, and name their sources. Why are these enzymes released in an inactive form? 2) Describe in detail how the renin angiotensin negative feedback loop helps regulate blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate in response to dehydration.Provide an explanation for the following observations;(a)fat are broken down into fatty acids and monoglycerides in the intestinal lumen but appear later in the blood as fat droplets.(b)how bile acids the digestive process even though it contains no enzymes .
- Identify the original site of these chemical secretions- these should be labeled on the diagram: Pepsin HCL (hydrochloric acid) Sucrase Lactase Maltase Bile Salivary amylase Pancreatic lipase Pancreatic amylase Aminopeptidase Sodium Bicarbonate Trypsin Carboxypeptidase Insulin GlucagonIn upper gastrointestinal bleeding, without knowing the cause or source of bleeding, why do we give proton pump inhibitors (PPIS, e.g. omeprazole)? What is the role of these, if the source of bleeding is not peptic or duodenal ulcer?What is the function of the sodium bicarbonate in the small intestine? Why is this important?
- The medication Zantac→ that Sam took for the pain relief is an H2 blocker (receptor antagonist). What is the normal function of histamine in the stomach and how might this help Sam’s hyperacidity problem?Chemically, Olestra is made of a six-carbon backbone and six fatty acid attachments. No nutrients are absorbed or processed by Olestra. In order to understand why olestra is not absorbed, you must first explain why. (b) How can olestra intake affect fat-soluble vitamin absorption?Outline the synthesis of bile acids. What functions do these substances have?