In Metastatic Breast Cancer [such as in Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Carcinoma, NOS; Breast Invasive Cancer, NOS; Invasive Breast Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Lobular Carcinoma; Breast Mixed Ductal and Lobular Carcinoma] what role does the genes Tp53 and Tp63 have? Would one of them affect the other (i.e. mutation, etc) or there is not relationship among the two genes at all.
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In Metastatic Breast Cancer [such as in Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Carcinoma, NOS; Breast Invasive Cancer, NOS; Invasive Breast Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Lobular Carcinoma; Breast Mixed Ductal and Lobular Carcinoma] what role does the genes Tp53 and Tp63 have? Would one of them affect the other (i.e. mutation, etc) or there is not relationship among the two genes at all.
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- Acquired mutation in the p53 gene is the most common genetic alteration found in human cancer (> 50% of all cancers). A germline mutation in p53 is the causative lesion of Li- Fraumeni familial cancer syndrome. In many tumors, one p53 allele on chromosome 17p is deleted and the other is mutated. What type of protein is encoded by the p53 gene? (A) Caspase (B) DNA repair enzyme (C) Membrane cell adhesion molecule (D) Serine phosphatase (E) Telomerase (F) Transcription factor (G) Tyrosine kinaseWhich of the following effectively describes the situation of someone with an inherited predisposition to cancer such as familial adenomatous polyposis or BRCA-associated familial breast cancer? Choose all that apply a) If they get malignant cancer, somatic mutations will not have been a factor b) Their cancer will most likely arise in their germ cells, not their somatic cells c) None of the answers effectively describes the situation d) Every cell of their body contains a gain-of-function allele of an oncogene e) Most cells in their body contain multiple cancer-causing mutations f) Every cell of their body contains a defective, loss-of-function allele of a tumor suppressor geneSkin cancer carries a lifetime risk nearly equal to that of allother cancers combined. Following is a graph [modified fromK. H. Kraemer (1997). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 94:11–14]depicting the age of onset of skin cancers in patients with orwithout XP, where the cumulative percentage of skin cancer is plotted against age. The non-XP curve is based on 29,757 cancerssurveyed by the National Cancer Institute, and the curverepresenting those with XP is based on 63 skin cancers from theXeroderma Pigmentosum Registry.
- d)To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one. e)To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one.Mrs. Ortez has type III breast cancer and is now concluding the trial portion of a certain research study about this condition. She has responding well to the series of neoplastic medications and is currently in remmision. The researchers and her surgeon have informed both mrs Ortez and her husband that there is the possibility that her unique type of cancer could have a genetic foundation. Most at risk would be her 8 year old daughter, through both her 10 yr old and 2 yr old sons could carry the genetic mutation for this cancer. How do you, as her primary nurses, address her concerns for possible genetic testing of her children? Should the identification of the children's risk as possible carriers of this specific gene be identified at this time? Should the testing be even considered to be done at this time?Name two ways in which loss of p53 function contributes to a malignant phenotype. Explain how benzo(a) pyrene can cause loss of p53 function. Hint: Loss of p53 function occurs in the majority of human tumors.
- 1. a)Proteins that stimulate/promote progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. b)Proteins that inhibit progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. c)What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene? d)To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one. e)To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one.#9) Cancer cells generally have missense mutations in p53 gene, resulting in truncated p53 normally active p53 dominant negative p53 inactive p53 #2) When cancer cells have not spread beyond its original site, the term used to describe it is benign growth intraepithelial neoplasia carcinoma stage 3 carcinoma in sit #10) Single or double stranded breaks in DNA activate Chk 1 and 2 kinases, which phosphorylates p53. This results in --- in the level of p53 in the cell. increase decrease please answer them all. they are very short and won't take your time. Thank you in advance.There are three broad categories of cancer-related genes: proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA stability/repair genes. Define each of these categories and indicate which one you think the RB1 gene belongs to and why.
- The C-myc gene is a proto-oncogene which is highly expressed in breast tissue and appears to cause proliferation of breast tissue and its elevated expression is associated with breast cancer. Based just on the ChIP data from the previous questions (also shown below), which of the three drugs (estrogen, tamoxifen and raloxifene) would you recommend for treating breast cancer? Justify your response and explain the potential side effects of each drug.What significance do BRCA1 and BRCA2 have in regard to developing cancer, and what types of cancer are associated with these genes?Cancer is a major public health problem. Both inherited genes and environmental factors play a role in the development of cancer. Associations have also been documented between environmental pollutants and cancer. In general, cancers caused by occupational or environmental exposures are pathologically and clinically indistinguishable from other cancers. However, some cancers have a very high probability of being occupationally related, such as angiosarcoma of the liver due to vinyl chloride exposure, and mesothelioma from asbestos fiber exposure. Documentation of exposures that cause cancer relies heavily on epidemiological studies. Unfortunately, there are complicating factors, such as the long latency period before the cancers are actually diagnosed, well after many other workers had already been exposed. Therefore, what must the prevention of occupational and environmental cancers rely upon to predict effects on humans and establish limits for human exposure?