If a fish does not produce activator 1 proteins because of a mutation in the gene that encodes those proteins, Pitx1 will be expressed in which of the following tissues? jaw ☐ pelvis eye ☐ Pituitary
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Part 2 Bio Question 2
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- 6. Vampire bats are mammals that consume blood as their only source of nutrients. Because blood is rich in iron, it is necessary for the digestive system of the vampire bat to manage excess iron. Like humans, ferritin and transferrin receptor gene products are expressed by the vampire bat genome and function to maintain iron homeostasis. Ferritin A. The iron response element (IRE) binding protein is able to regulate expression of both ferritin and transferrin receptor genes. What feature of these genes allows for specific regulation by the IRE binding protein? B. How is activity of the IRE binding protein regulated? C. In an environment with excess iron, what levels of mRNA and protein do you expect to detect of Ferritin and Transferrin receptor? Briefly explain. Explanation Transferrin receptor RNA levels ( ) high ( ) low ( ) high ( ) low Protein levels () high levels ( ) low levels () high levels ( ) low levels2) This diagram shows the signaling pathway involved in transducing extracellular matrix (ECM) signals to induce S-phase progression. Briefly: ECM (shown in green) binds to and activate integrins which bind to and activate Ras which binds to and activate Raf which binds to and activate MEK, which.... etc (you get the idea) until Erk activates cyclinD which the form a complex with CDK4/6. For the purpose of this problem, we consider that the signals provided by the ECM through this pathway are necessary and sufficient for the cell to enter S phase. Erk Integrin Erk Ras Raf MEK Cyclin D Cyclin D CDK4/6 S phase A) In your studies of the cell cycle, you isolated a new cell line called mutRAS2 cells. Unlike normal wild type cells, you find that Ras is always bound to GTP in mutRAS2 cells. Describe how the cell cycle differs between mutRAS2 cells and normal cells when ECM is not present. Explain your reasoning: B) In another mutant cell (named mutCD2), you found that a cyclinD mutation…1) Are NGN2-induced neurons (NGN2-iNs) the same as the cells in neural organoids? If not, how are they different? 2) Forced expression of the transcription factor neurogenin 2 (NGN2) induces human neurons, but to mature into electrophysiologically active neurons the require the presence of another cell type: what is that? 3)What kind of expression of NGN2 is associated with a central nervous system (CNS)-like cell? How do you know this?
- 6. Increasing the aldosterone secretion during prolonged muscle activity in hot weather allows you to compensate for the sodium loss in sweat and remove the accumulated excess of potassium. Explain these biological effects of the hormone during exercise. For answer: „Total Signal transduction starting with hormon recopios, e) explain the role of the hormone in the regulation of gene transcription and translation; d) describe the role of proteins that have their synthesis regulated by aldosterone.14)How does a compound that inhibits the GTPase activity of ras affect cell responses to growth factors? It would increase proliferation. It would increase glucose production. It would decrease glucose production. It would decrease proliferation.a. A typical cellular response of a mammary epithelial cell to EGF signal is proliferation. the Kd for the interaction between EGF and its receptor is 1x10^-10 M. Lets imagine that at least 25% of the receptors on a normal cell must be engaged by EGD in order to trigger the cellular proliferation response. What minimum concentration of EGF is required to reduce cell proliferation? (Show calculation). b. Mammary epithelial cancer cells have amplified levels of EGF receptors on their surface. If such a cell has 1000 EGF receptors, as compared to 200 receptors on a normal cell, what minimum concentration of EGF is required to induce cell proliferation in the cancer cell? [Show calculation]. Note that the same number of receptors (not percentage of receptors) must be activated to promote proliferation in normal cells and cancer cell. c. The ambient (unstimulated) concentration of EGF in mammary epithelial tissue is 1x10^-11 M. Will this level of EGF stimulate proliferation in normal…
- 1. Match each of the terms in the left column to the bestfitting phrase from the right column.a. epistatic interaction 1. divide the body into identical units(segments)b. regulative 2. initiated by binding of ligand todetermination receptorc. modifier screen 3. individuals with cells of more thanone genotyped. RNAi 4. the fate of early embryonic cells canbe altered by the environmente. ectopic expression 5. assign identity to body segmentsf. homeodomain 6. substance whose concentrationdetermines cell fatesg. green fluorescent 7. suppression of gene expression byprotein double-stranded RNAh. genetic mosaics 8. method for identifying pleiotropicgenesi. segmentation genes 9. a DNA-binding motif found incertain transcription factorsj. homeotic genes 10. encode proteins that accumulate inunfertilized eggs and are needed forembryo developmentk. morphogen 11. double mutant has phenotype of oneof the two mutantsl. maternal effect 12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriategenes tissue or at…1. Which G protein activates Phospholipase C (PLC)? 2. What phospholipid does PLC cleave to produce second messengers? 3. What are the properties of these 2 second messengers? 4. Which second messenger opens a ligand gated ion channel in the ER? 5. Which hydrophobic second messenger activates protein kinase C? 6. Which hydrophilic second messenger activates protein kinase C by increasing cytosolic Ca2+ levels which allows Ca2+ to bind to PKC? Kinases 2 Phosphatidylinositol (PI) PI 3-kinase PLC PI 4,5-bis-phosphate (PI-4,5-bisP) Plasma membrane cog Diacylglycerol (DAG) Inositol 1,4,5-tris-phosphate (IP3) Second messengers PI 3,4,5-tris-phosphate (PI-3,4,5-trisP) domains 000 Docking site for pleckstrin homology Cell membrane PIP 20 Phospholipase C cleavage IP 3 VIVAL ER membrane 00 Calcium ion iii DAG Calcium ion Figure 13.12 Biochemistry, Third Edition 2015 W.H. Freeman and Company Diacylglycerol (DAG) Protein kinase C IP 3 receptor MY 99 Cytoplasm5. Explain the signaling steps that take place after the EGF receptor is dimerized, up to the poiunt when Ras gets activated. Draw a schematic to make it easier for your classmates to understand.6. Explain why the RTK signaling pathway includes the extra complication of having a protein (Ras) that switches between GTP- and GDP-bound states. PLEASE ANDWER BOTH
- 1. How do muscle cells remain differentiated as muscle cells? 2. A mutation occurs in the Drosophila doublesex gene that prevents Tra from binding to the dsx RNA transcript. What would be the consequences of this mutation for Dsx protein expression in males? In females?3) The sex of some reptiles, including the American alligator, is determined by the temperature at which the eggs are incubated. For example, incubating them at 33°C produces mostly males, while incubation at 30°C produces mostly females.Scientists recently discovered a thermosensor protein, TRPV4, that is associated with this process in American alligators. TRPV4 is activated by temperatures near the mid-30s, and increases the movement of calcium ions into certain cells involved with sex determination. The results of this scientific investigation will most likely lead other scientists to hypothesize that * human sex cells also contain the TRPV4 protein 0) the TRPV4 protein affects the growth of plants other reptiles may have the TRPV4 protein in their eggs the TRPV4 protein is present in all of the foods eaten by alligatorsFigure 9.10 In certain cancers, the GTPase activity of the RAS G-protein is inhibited. This means that the RAS protein can no longer hydrolyze GTP into GDP What effect would this have on downstream cellular events?
