how do you undone concatenation. for example lets say i have the following encryption algorithm: Ek(m)= fk(m) || x where fk is a PRF and x is some arbitrary string. what would the decryption algorithm be?
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- Encryption methods, such as the Caesar Cipher encryption, allow us to encrypt and decrypt text using a special key. Another method of encrypting text / passwords is called hashing. Hashing uses special algorithms to 'scramble' the text, which is tougher to be hacked. The hash function can take numbers, letters, and symbols as input, then the function applies one of the special algorithms to output the scrambled text. The longer the output string is, the harder to hack the hashed data. The difference between hashing and the Caesar Cipher encryption is that one cannot 'decrypt' a hashed data to its original text. Since a hashed data cannot be decrypted, a user must enter the original text, which will be hashed by the program. Then the program compares the hashed value with the hashed data stored previously for the original text. A salt is used, at times, to create a random sequence that is added to the original text before using the hashing algorithm. This can help prevent the Brute…Encryption Matrices are commonly used to encrypt data. Here is a simple form such an encryption can take. First, we represent each letter in the alphabet by a number, so let us take = 0, A = 1, B = 2, and so on. Thus, for example, "ABORT MISSION" becomes [1 2 15 18 20 0 13 9 19 19 9 15 14]. To encrypt this coded phrase, we use an invertible matrix of any size with integer entries. For instance, let us take A to be the 3 2 2 x 2 matrix 4 1 We can first arrange the coded sequence of numbers in the form of a matrix with two rows (using zero in the last place if we have an odd number of characters) and then multiply on the left by A. 3 2 1 15 20 13 19 9 14 Encrypted Matrix = 4 1 2 18 0 9. 19 15 0 7 81 60 57 95 57 42 = 6 78 80 61 95 51 56 which we can also write as [7 6 81 78 60 80 57 61 95 95 57 51 42 56]. To decipher the encoded message, multiply the encrypted matrix by A1. The following exercise uses the above matrix A for encoding and decoding. Use the matrix A to encode the phrase "GO…6. In a Rivest, Shamir and Adleman (RSA) cryptosystem, a particular user uses two prime numbers P and Q to generate the public key and the private key. If P is 23 and Q is 29, using RSA algorithm, find the following: a) n b) Ø(n) c) e d) d
- CryptographyAn encryption function is given as f(p) = (2p + 1) mod 26 where p is the position of the input letter in English alphabets and f(p) is the position of the encrypted alphabet. Find the encrypted representation of “CS DEPT”. Hash functionJohn, Bob, and David want to store their valuable data into storage that has 245 memory locations. Their T-numbers are 3488, 5605, and 9088, respectively. Using a hash function, identify their memory locations. Do you see any collision in this example?Assume the cryptanalist has two pairs (x, y1) and (, y2) such that yl = DES(K, x) and y2 = DES(K,¤). Build a exhaustive key search which requires only 255 encryption to find out K. (This would be a slight improvement over the total number of 256 keys).Use RSA cryptography with public key p = 11 q = 13 and e = 23 to encrypt your unique student number. You need to remove all the consecutive zeros in the middle of the student number, then divide your student number into the blocks of two-digits from left to right. Afterwards, you will need to encrypt the resulted list of numbers by RSA. For example, the student number 13060009867 becomes the list of [13, 6, 98, 67]. Then you need to directly encrypt the numbers 13, 6 , 98 and 67 by RSA.
- Implement the knapsack public-key cryptosystem using the C or Python programming language. Then, suppose that Bob's knapsack private key consists of (3, 5, 10, 23) along with the multiplier m' = 6 and the modulus n = 47. a. Find the plaintext given the ciphertext C = 20. Give your answer in binary. b. Find the plaintext given the ciphertext C = 29. Give your answer in binary. c. Find m and the public key.1. We have defined a symmetric cryptography algorithm using the XOR operator. Assume our messages (before encryption) consist of only uppercase and lowercase letters, digits and blank character. In addition, assume the key size is only one byte which is an integer between 0 and 255 (inclusive). The pseudocode of the proposed encryption algorithm is as follows: Read the message // for example message=”Hi” Read the key // for example key=10 Cipher_text=[] //an empty list for i=1 to len(message): Cipher_text= Cipher_text.append(XOR(message[i],key)) Return Cipher_text Assume XOR function, takes a character and the key, then returns the result of bitwise XOR of ASCII code of the letter with the key as an (one byte) integer. For example, if message=”Hi” and key=10, then we should first calculate the ASCCI code of “H” which is 72 and find the result of (72 XOR 10) which is 66. Then the ASCCI code of “i” is 105, so the result of (105 XOR 10) is 99. Thus the Cipher_text would be…1. We have defined a symmetric cryptography algorithm using the XOR operator. Assume our messages (before encryption) consist of only uppercase and lowercase letters, digits and blank character. In addition, assume the key size is only one byte which is an integer between 0 and 255 (inclusive). The pseudocode of the proposed encryption algorithm is as follows: Read the message // for example message=”Hi” Read the key // for example key=10 Cipher_text=[] //an empty list for i=1 to len(message): Cipher_text= Cipher_text.append(XOR(message[i],key)) Return Cipher_text Assume XOR function, takes a character and the key, then returns the result of bitwise XOR of ASCII code of the letter with the key as an (one byte) integer. For example, if message=”Hi” and key=10, then we should first calculate the ASCCI code of “H” which is 72 and find the result of (72 XOR 10) which is 66. Then the ASCCI code of “i” is 105, so the result of (105 XOR 10) is 99. Thus the Cipher_text would be…
- RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) are two different types of ciphers. You are now given two large primes, p and q, a cryptographic hash function H(x).a) DESCRIBE the RSA algorithm. In your description, you should make clear how RSA keys are generated, how a message is encrypted and how a cipher text is decrypted.Experiment 1: IMPLEMENTATION OF CAESAR CIPHER Objective: To implement the simple substitution technique named Caesar cipher using C+ language. Theory: To enerypt a message with a Caesar cipher, each letter in the message is changed using a simple rule: shift by three. Each letter of the message is shifted a fixed distance (3 for example) down the alphabet, A becomes D, B becomes E, and so on. For the last letters, we can think of alphabet as a circle and "wrap around", W becomes Z. X becomes A, Y becomes B, and Z becomes C. To change a message back, cach letter is replaced by the one three before it. Example ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ t t t t t t t t ttt t t t t t t tt t t t t t t ft DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW XY Z ABc) digorithm STEP-1: Read the plain text from the user. STEP-2: Read the key value from the user. STEP-3: If the key is positive then encrypt the text by adding the key with each character in the plain text. STEP-4: Else subtract the key from the plain text. STEP-5: Display the…Data Encryptions and Cryptography Suppose Conny and Shelby apply ElGamal scheme with a common prime q = 71 and a primitive root a = 7. If Conny has public key Yp = 3 and Shelby choose the random integer k = 2, what is the ciphertext of M = 30? If Shelby now chooses a different value of k so that the encoding of M = 30 is C = (59, C2), what is the integer C2 ?