None HIV reverse transcriptase is highly error-prone, because there is no proofreading mechanism associated with this enzyme. In fact, atypical error rate is 10 errors per genome replication. For the purposes of a straightforward calculation, let's consider a simplifiedscenario: early in infection, HIV is thought to have a virus doubling time of 0.65 days. If reverse transcriptase errors were the onlysource of mutations/errors in HIV, then how many total mutations would all HIV virions have developed 2.6 days after initial infectionassuming an individual was initially infected with only one HIV virion?

Given that the virus doubling time is 0.65 days, we can calculate the number of virus generations…

Answered: HIV reverse transcriptase is highly…

Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781305960060

Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. Hansen

Publisher:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. Hansen

Chapter21: Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 21.59E

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Retroviruses like HIV, the pathogen responsible for AIDS, incorporate an RNA template that is copied into DNA duringinfection. The reverse transcriptase enzyme that copies RNA into DNA is relatively nonselective and error-prone, leadingto a high mutation rate. Its lack of selectivity is exploited by the anti-HIV drug AZT (3′@azido@2′,3′@dideoxythymidine),which becomes phosphorylated and is incorporated by reverse transcriptase into DNA, where it acts as a chain terminator.Mammalian DNA polymerases are more selective, having a low affinity for AZT, so its toxicity is relatively low.(a) Draw the structures of AZT and natural deoxythymidine.(b) Draw the structure of AZT 5′@triphosphate, the derivative that inhibits reverse transcriptase.*2
Q23: Dr. Alghe has just performed a restriction digest on DNA she extracted from her samples. She must now run her DNA out on a gel to separate the fragments based on size. To do this she must prepare a 1.1% agarose gel, where the percentage is determined as mass/vol. How many grams of agarose must she add to 413 mL of buffer in order to arrive at the correct percentage? (answer to 2 decimals) **Assume the dissolution of agarose will not alter the final volume of the solution**
5:20 KB/s. 84% ← Seatwork 3-Nucleic acids.pdf Seatwork 3: Nucleotides and Nucleic acids A segment of DNA has the following sequence of bases ......5'-ATGCAATGATATTGAAGCTTA-3'...... a.) what sequence of bases would appear in mRNA transcribed from this segment b.) assume that the first base in this mRNA is the beginning of a codon. What order of amino acids would be translated into a polypeptide synthesized along this segment? c.) give anticodons for each tRNA associated with the translation in part (b) 」 о vo = III
4) Paxlovid is treatment for COVID-19 that was recently approved for use because it can drastically reduce the risk for hospitalization and death when taken early in the infection. It is actually a package of two different antiviral drugs. One of those is Nirmatrelvir, which is a modified tripeptide protein mimetic designed to covalently bind to and inhibit the main protease (MPro) from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This protease recognizes and hydrolyzes peptide bonds at specific points in their sequence, and it is essential for viral replication. a. Below is one of the sequences that Mpro recognizes and cleaves. It cleaves the peptide bond between the glutamine and the glycine. Draw out the structure of a peptide with this sequence, including the appropriate stereochemistry for biological amino acids and assuming the peptide is at physiological pH (pH = 7.4). SGVTFQGKF b. What would the net charge of the peptide be at physiological pH?. c. At what pH would the peptide be net neutral?
b) Suppose a mutation in an enzyme resulted in the replacement of a leucine with a serine in the active site of the enzyme (so you have a serine where you should have a leucine). How might that affect substrate binding?
Many peptides react further after synthesis (process is called post-translational modification). In this example a cysteine cyclizes to form a thiazole ring in Sanguinamide A. O= HN HN" SH -H₂O o= HN" 0= 0= N₂ S HN Sanguinamide A
PCR is carried out using a 0.2 pM single-stranded DNA template. What is the maximal possible concentration of the amplification product, in microM, after 22 PCR cycles.
The enzyme chymotrypsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of a peptide containing phenylalanine. Using the data below at a given temperature, calculate the maximum rate of the reaction, Rate Enzyme catalysis follows the Michaelis-Menten model. Rate Peptide Concentration (mol/L) 2.5 x 10-4 5.0 x 10 10,0 x 104 15.0 x 10 Submit Answer Reaction Rate (mol/L. min) 2.4 x 10⁰ 4.3 x 10- 7.4 x 10- 9.6 x 10-6 mol/L min Try Another Version tam attempts remaining
The following data were recorded from an experiment to measure the activity of a peptidase enzyme. A number of solutions of different concentrations of a dipeptide were prepared then the same small amount of the enzyme was added to each of them. The rate of cleavage of the peptide bond was measured and the initial rate of the reaction was recorded Peptide conc (mmol L-¹) 0.334 0.450 0.667 1.00 1.33 1.67 Initial rate 0.152 0.201 0.269 0.417 0.505 0.667 (mmol L¹ s¹) For the peptidase enzyme find the maximum velocity and the Michaelis constant.
Protein synthesis begins when a ribosome assembles at an initiation codon (AUG) in the mRNA. The completed protein chain is released from the ribosome when an initiation codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) is reached a. Both of the statements are TRUE b. Both of the statements are FALSE c. Statement I is TRUE, Statement II is FALSE d. Statement I is FALSE, Statement II is TRUE
Concentration Sof nicotinamide mono- nucleotide, in mM 0.138 0.220 0.291 0.560 0.766 1.460 a. 0.6482 b. 0.5853 0.4129 d. 0.4682 e. 0.9214 Initial rate vof nicotinamide- adenine dinucleotide formed, in micromoles Construct the Lineweaver-Burk linear plot and find the value of v C. 0.148 0.171 0.234 0.324 0.390 0.493 worksheet 16-Go... Microsoft Excel (P TSU
1. How does real-time polymerase chain reaction work? 2. What does the melting point represent?

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