Given these data for the acid-catalyzed reaction in question 22, find the rate law. (RCOOH], M (R’OH], M (HA], M Initial Rate, M•min"' 0.35 0.35 0.50 4.60 0.62 0.35 0.50 8.14 0.35 0.81 0.50 10.6 0.35 0.50 0.75 9.84 Rate = k[RCOOH][R'OH] Rate = k[RCOOH][R'OH][HA] Rate = k[RCOOR']/{[RCOOH][R'OH]} Rate = k[R'OH] Rate = k[RCOOH] oo00 o
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- Below are the reaction steps in a certain polymerization process, 22. which may occur by either an uncatalyzed or an acid-catalyzed pathway. 0–H R-C-o–H k1 + HA R-C+ A- k2 0–H Group 1 0–H 0–H k3 R-ċ+ A- + R'+o-H R—С—0—Н k4 0–H R-ó+ A- Group 2 H 0–H R–Ċ–0–H k5 R-C-0–R' + H-0 + НА A- Group 3 H Write a balanced chemical reaction for the overall process. RCOOH + HA + RCOOH2+ + A- + R'OH + RC(OH)2(R'OH)+ ® RCOOH2+ + RC(OH)2(R'OH)+ + RCOOR' + H2O + HA. RCOOH + R'OH 2 RCOOR' RCOOH + R'OH E RCOOR' + H20 RCOOH + HA 2 RCOOH2+ + A- RCOOH + R'OH + HA E RCOOR' + H2O + HA8. When an equilibrium step-growth polymerization is 99% complete, what fraction of the reaction mixture is still monomer (a) on mole basis and (b) on weight basis ?Identify which of the following pairs of monomers could be used in condensation polymerization. Select one: H K. H H O-H H-C-C HO CH ₂ CH K OH HHHH | | | | H-C- H -C-C-0-H | | | | HHHH H J H HO- H -OH H 44 H X C H H
- What is the fraction of monomers (p) that have been used in a stepwise polymerisation reaction if the reaction solution started with a monomer concentration of 1.58 mol L-1 and now has a concentration of 0.231 mol L-1?Polyisobutylene is one of the components of butyl rubber used for making inner tubes. What conditions (cationic, anionic, free-radical) would be most appropriate for polymerization of isobutylene? Explain your answer.What kinds of ions govern alkylation and polymerization reactions and how they are initiated?
- The above molecule may be further converted into a polymer with similar molecular structure to that of polyester. Describe the conditions of this process and write down the reaction for each step.Styrene can autoinitiate free radical polymerization and form polystyrene in the absence of an initiator. At temperatures >100 °C, radicals form due to homolysis of the T bond in the vinyl group. In the study of this reaction, researchers have found 1,2-diphenylcyclobutane in samples of heated styrene. The following mechanism for the formation of 1,2-diphenylcyclobutane has been proposed: Step 1: Homolysis of the vinyl T bond in a styrene molecule Step 2: Homolysis of the vinyl T bond in a second styrene molecule Step 3: Tail-to-tail addition of the radicals from Steps 1 and 2 Step 4: Radical coupling of the diradical formed in Step 3 (a) Use curved arrow notation to show the steps in this mechanism. (b) Are the steps in this mechanism consistent with those for free radical polymerization? (c) Why is the use of an initiator such as benzoyl peroxide more efficient in the synthesis of polystyrene than autoinitiated polymerization?Show the differences between the chain-growth and step-growth mechanisms of polymerization.
- Another variation on this type of polymer is used in hair gels. In these, the polymer chains are cross-linked by a compound known as pentaerythritol. но но OH pentaerythritol () By what type of chemical reaction are the cross-links in this polymer formed? (H) t is important that the gel should be easily washed out of hair. What is it about the structure of the polymer that allows this to happen?The following diagram shows a polymer with four repeating units. Identify the correct monomer that was needed to form this polymer. H3 H₂ нснснсн | | | | с-с-с-с-с-с-с-с+ | | | | | | нннннн Н T a) С н-с-с Oc) H₂C Н- T H Н Н Н Н Н C- Г -C H CH3 Н O d) Н Н Н Ж H Н Н Н Н н н CH3 На C-H H HU I Н Н Н С -с-с-H A н н-(CH2 -(CH) One or more of the monomers below are needed to make the polymer Choose which one(s). но но (CH2)4 NH2- -(CH2)6-NH2 H H. H- •C он OH H H. H H.