Fats are highly energy-rich molecules that require a great deal of energyto produce, but in the mesopelagic, where food is scarce, many fisheshave swim bladders filled with fat. How might this be explained?
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Fats are highly energy-rich molecules that require a great deal of energy
to produce, but in the mesopelagic, where food is scarce, many fishes
have swim bladders filled with fat. How might this be explained?
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- Membrane lipids in tissue samples obtained from different parts of a reindeer’s leg have different fatty acid compositions. Membrane lipidsfrom tissue near the hooves contain a larger proportion of unsaturated fatty acids than those from tissue in the upper leg. What is the significance of this observation?A 70-kg adult human (154 lb) could meet his orher entire energy needs for one day by eating 3 moles ofglucose (540 g). (We do not recommend this.) Each mol-ecule of glucose generates 30 molecules of ATP when it isoxidized to CO2. The concentration of ATP is maintained incells at about 2 mM, and a 70-kg adult has about 25 litersof intracellular fluid. Given that the ATP concentrationremains constant in cells, calculate how many times perday, on average, each ATP molecule in the body is hydro-lyzed and resynthesized.Fructose and glucose are both monosaccharides, but the body metabolizesthese sugars differently. For example, glucose stimulates insulin releasefrom the pancreas (see section 28.4); fructose does not. Moreover, insulinstimulates leptin release. Finally, fructose is more likely than glucose tobe converted to fat. Use this information to propose an explanation for thecorrelation between the skyrocketing consumption of high fructose cornsyrup since 1970 and the rise in obesity during the same period.
- It has been noted that the mitochondria of muscle cells often have more cristae than the mitochondria of liver cells. Provide an explanation for this observation.Wasting is one of the characteristics of HIV / Aids, caused by increased metabolic activity. Untreated patients quickly lose up to 10% of their body weight, with loss of muscle mass contributing most. What happens to the amino group of amino acids that are broken down in the muscles? Fully explain the process of amino acid degradation in the muscle up to urea production in the liver.Part B Some nonessential amino acids are synthesized in the body by a simple transamination. The transamination between oxaloacetate, an a-keto acid, and glutamate, a amino acid with the side chain -CH₂CH₂COO proceeds according to the following reaction: OOC-CH₂-C-COO + OOC-CH₂CH₂CH COO OOC-CH₂CH₂-C-COO + amino acid 2 NH₂+ Predict the structure of the amino acid product, indicated by amino acid 2, for the reaction. Draw the molecule on the canvas by choosing buttons from the Tools (for bonds), Atoms, and Advanced Template toolbars. The single bond is active by default. Include all hydrogen atoms and formal charges.
- AsapThe thyroid gland metabolizes iodine, the most common formof which has a molecular weight of 127 (iodine-127). A physi-cian wants to use a radioactive isotope of iodine (iodine-131)to test whether a patient’s thyroid gland is metabolizing nor-mally. Based on what you know about how atoms react, doyou think this physician’s plan makes sense?Why are fish living in cold waters particularly likely to have stores of unsaturated fats in their bodies, rather than saturated fats?
- Mammals in the Arctic Circle such as reindeer have higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell membranes in their legs than in other parts of their bodies. Suggest a reason for this phenomenon. Does it have a survival advantage?Lipoprotein particles are relatively large, sphericalclumps of protein and lipid molecules (see Figure 3.18)that circulate in the blood of mammals. They are likesuitcases that move cholesterol, fatty acid remnants, triglycerides, and phospholipids from one place to anotherin the body. Given what you know about the solubilityof lipids in water, which types of lipids would you predict to be on the outside of a lipoprotein clump, bathedin the water-based fluid portion of blood?Animals store glucose in the form of_______?