evolutionary lineage are groups of organisms that share a common ancestor not shared by other groups. taxa A branch point represents a(n) from which two different lineages diverged. A branch sister taxa point may also be called a(n) node Each branch represents a(n) common ancestor The branch tips represent groups of organisms, known as

evolutionary lineage are groups of organisms that share a common ancestor not shared by other groups. taxa A branch point represents a(n) from which two different lineages diverged. A branch sister taxa point may also be called a(n) node Each branch represents a(n) common ancestor The branch tips represent groups of organisms, known as

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter20: Phylogenies And The History Of Life

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 7RQ: On a phylogenetic tree, which term refers to lineages that diverged from the same place? sister taxa...

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a. Phylogenetic relationships based on chloroplast genes Brown algae Diatoms Most photosynthetic dinoflagellates Cryptophyte algae Red algae Red algae Green algae Euglenids Green algae Chlorarachniophyte algae Green algae Green algae Green algae Green algae Land plants Glaucocystophytes Cyanobacteria b. Phylogenetic relationships based on nuclear genes Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Glaucocystophytes Red algae Green algae (including land plants) Cryptophyte algae 140000 Diatoms Brown algae Dinoflagellates Chlorarachniophyte algae Chloroplast genes relate brown algae, diatoms, most dinoflagellates, and cryptophyte algae to red algae, which is different from the relationships based on nuclear genes shown in part b. -Excavates Chloroplast genes relate euglenids and chlorarachniophyte algae to green algae, which is different from the relationships based on nuclear genes shown in part b. Chloroplasts form a monophyletic group nested within cyanobacteria, providing strong evidence for the…
Imagine that you have the DNA sequences fromthe intron of a gene in three species called A, B,and C. Species A and B are most closely related,while C is more distantly related. The sequencesof A and B differ by 18 base pairs, A and C differby 26 base pairs, and B and C differ by 28 basepairs. Fossils show that species A and B divergedabout 1.2 Mya, but there is no fossil evidence asto when the most recent common ancestor ofall three species lived. Use the genetic data toestimate that date. What assumptions are youmaking to get this estimate?
Identify the outgroup from the phylogenetic trees and box/mark the whole lineage in red. Identify the most recent common ancestor for species A and B and mark it in blue. Identify the most recent common ancestor for species C and D and mark it in green. ABCDE DE 면 V BIU GGG !!! 르르르 M compre
Do all the phylogenetictrees below represent thesame relationships (sametopology)? If not, circle thetree(s) that is/are differentand explain why in the spaceto the left.
Please help to creating parsimonious treesFor the following DNA sequences determine the most parsimonious phylogeny. Tree ASpecies 1 AATTGCGGGATATATCGCGGGGAAATTTACGACTSpecies 2 AATGTCGGGATATATCGCGGGGAAATTTACGACTSpecies 3 AATTGCGGGATATATCGCGGGGAAATTTACGACT Tree BSpecies 1 AATTGCGGGATATATCGCGGGGAAATTTACGACTSpecies 2 AACTGCGGCATATATCGCGGGGAAATTAACGACTSpecies 3 AAGTGCGCCATATATCGCCCGGATAATTTCGAGA Tree CSpecies 1 CCGTATGACCGGGTATAAATCGCGCCCGGGATCTGCSpecies 2 CCGTATGAGGGGGTATATATCGGGCGCGGGATCTGCSpecies 3 CCGTATGACCGGGTATAAATCGCGCCCGGGATCTGCSpecies 4 CCGTATGAGGGGGTATATATCGGGCGCGGGATCTGC Tree DSpecies 1 GGGATATAGCGCACGATATCGTAGCCTAACGTTTTACGSpecies 2 GGGATATAGCGCACGATATCGTAAGCTAACGTTTTACGSpecies 3 AAAATATAGGCGTGGATATCGTAGCCTAACGTTGCATTSpecies 4 GGGATATACCGCACGTTATCGATCCCTAACGTTTTACG
of this =rab or ditions ionary escen- se or 5. Describe two examples of vestigial structures that you can find among the Caminalcules. These are structures that have been reduced to the point that they are virtually useless. Ear muscles and the tail bones are examples of vestigial structures in our own species. Explain how vestigial structures provide clues about a species' evolutionary past. Illustrate your argument with vestigial structures found in humans or other real species.
Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, asdo extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of speciesT, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up(A) a monophyletic taxon.(B) an ingroup, with species U as the outgroup.(C) a paraphyletic group.(D) a polyphyletic group.
Materials When constructing this phylogenetic tree, several different options were possible. The tree with the least number of evolutionary changes is the one that was chosen as most probable. What is this called?* pdates rades embers nferences Q Online vsela gizzard don see UV Ilght subdermal fat stores y Periods 1 and 2 meriods ol MP1, Highschool school MP3, l MP4 amniotic egg 4 limbs + lungs Least parsimony ys "ed Thu Fri Modern synthesis Temporal equilibrium Maximum parsimony O O O O lungfish
Snakes evolved from ancestors who had the ability to walk. Some snakes, in fact, still have small pelvis and leg bones that are rermnants from this ancestor. What are these called? * O Vestigial structure Homologous strucre O Sympatric structure Molecular homology
This organism is an animal. What can you infer about its bodystructure and lifestyle (that might not be obvious from itsappearance)? This animal has a protostome developmentalpattern and a trochophore larva. Identify the major clades thatthis animal belongs to. Explain your selection, and describe whenthese clades originated and how they are related to one another.
With improving technology, acquiring DNAsequences from different organisms becomeseasier each year. With that in mind, some authors(e.g., Scotland et al. 2003, Systematic Biology52 [4]: 539–548) have suggested that the use ofmorphological data is less important than DNAsequence data and have called for less emphasison the use of comparative morphology in building phylogenies. Other authors maintain thatdespite the explosion of molecular data available, morphology still has an important role inphylogenetics (for examples, see Wiens 2004,Systematic Biology 53 [4]: 653–661 and Will andRubinoff 2004, Cladistics 20 [1]: 47–55). Whatare the reasons for and against using morphological data in phylogenetic reconstruction?When might morphological data be especiallyimportant?
Which of the phylogenetic trees below represent the same evolutionary relationships? Tree 1 Tree 2 Tree 3 D В D G ·E O Tree 1 and Tree 3 O Tree 1 and Tree 2 O Tree 2 and Tree 3 All three represent the same relationships O No two trees represent the same relationships