Discuss the similarities and differences by which Ca2+ activity is involved in initiating muscle contraction in skeletal versus smooth muscle fibers (hint: include Ca2+ sources, proteins it binds to, and signaling cascade it activates leading to contraction). (max 12 sentences)
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Discuss the similarities and differences by which Ca2+ activity is involved in initiating muscle contraction in skeletal versus smooth muscle fibers (hint: include Ca2+ sources, proteins it binds to, and signaling cascade it activates leading to contraction). (max 12 sentences)
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- Discuss the similarities and differences by which Ca2+ activity is involved in initiating muscle contraction in skeletal versus smooth muscle fibers (hint: include Ca2+ sources, proteins it binds to, and signaling cascade it activates leading to contraction).Define hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. Explain skeletal muscle adaptations to strength training (over time, not acute). What are the mechanisms of action? What hormones are involved? What cell signaling occurs to produce hypertrophy? Identify two principles of resistance training and explain how they contribute to skeletal muscle adaptation. Provide at minimum, two reputable resources to back up your claims.Identify the ways that increased IP3 can cause contraction. Identify the ways that increased cAMP production can cause relaxation.
- Shown below are changes that occur in skeletal muscle during vigorous physical activity. For each parameter, indicate its effect on percent HbO2 saturation (↑,↓) and the amount of free O2 available to the muscle fibers (↑,↓). ↓ Po2 = increase / decrease HbO2 saturation, increase / decrease free O2 ↓ pH = increase / decrease HbO2 saturation, increase / decrease free O2 ↑ Pco2 = increase / decrease HbO2 saturation, increase / decrease free O2 ↑ 2,3-BPG = increase / decrease HbO2 saturation, increase / decrease free O2 ↑ Temperature = increase / decrease HbO2 saturation, increase / decrease free O2Describe a cycle of cross-bridge cycling in skeletal muscle beginning with Ca2+ release from the SR.Describe the changes that occur in skeletal muscle as a result of endurance training. Include a brief discussion on how endurance training improves acid-base balance during exercise. What physiological benefits may happen for an older adult who begins a progressive resistance-training program?
- Impairment of intracellular calcium homeostasis in muscle fibers lead to chronic, severe muscle dysfunction. Impaired Calcium ATPase activity can lead to abnormal, persistent elevation of intracellular calcium concentrations. Explain how persistently high intracellular calcium concentration would affect cross-bridge formation, and muscle contractions, and muscle tension? (Mention the effects on the steps involved cross bridge formation, and muscle contraction/relaxation cycle, and overall muscle tension).List the four primary signal transduction pathways in skeletal muscle.Describe the regulation of smooth muscle contraction by intracellular calcium and how cross-bridge cycling is terminated when calcium decreases again.
- Cardiac and skeletal muscle are both “striated” types of muscle and yet they have very distinct functional characteristics. a) Skeletal muscle functions as discrete motor units and the cardiac muscle works as a functional syncytium. Define the italicized terms in the previous sentence, explain their importance, and describe the cellular features that underlie these functional differences. b) Cardiac muscle exhibits automaticity, while excitation of skeletal muscle is neurogenic. Define the italicized terms and provide a brief explanation of mechanisms underlying each.Explain the intracellular mechansim of smooth muscle relaxation of agaonist such as mepyrimine and atropine. Give diagram for each.Explain how optimal skeletal muscle force (high muscle tension) can be achieved during a high intensity exercise. (Mention and explain how wave summation, motor recruitment summation, muscle length, and type of muscle fibers activated can affect muscle force).