Diabetes has a concordance value of 65% in MZ twins and 18% in DZ twins. What do these numbers indicate about the relative importance of genetics in the diabetic phenotype
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- In an effort to identify the influence of genetic factors on both Type 1 diabetes and Type II diabetes, researchers calculated concordance rates for monozygotic twins. Concordance rates of 30–50% have been found for Type I diabetes with concordance rates of 80% for Type II. For both kinds of diabetes, dizygotic concordance rates were about 15%. What does this information suggest concerning the relative effect of genetic and environmental factors for each type of diabetes? a. Genetic influences exert a larger role in Type II diabetes than in Type I diabetes. b. Genetic factors have little or no role in the occurrence of Type I diabetes. c. Type II diabetes appears to be caused by a single, unidentified gene. d. Type II diabetes is primarily determined by non-genetic factors. e. Environmental factors have no role in the occurrence of either type of diabetes.Pairs of genetically related people were examined with regard to the rate at which they metabolize glucose. For 25 pairs of individuals that had each of the following relationships, correlation coefficients for glucose metabolism were determined: Mother-daughter: 0.36 Mother-granddaughter: 0.17e Sister-sister: 0.39 Sister-sister (fraternal twins): 0.40 Sister-sister (identical twins): 0.77 What is the average heritability for the rate of glucose metabolism in this group of females?Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) are one of the most severe congenital malformations. A study was conducted to determine whether supplementation with folic acid or a mixture of seven other vitamins (A, D, B1, B2, B6, C, and nicotinamide) around the time of conception could prevent neural tube defects. A total of 1817 women at high risk of having a pregnancy with a neural tube defect (because of a previous affected pregnancy) were allocated at random to one of four groups: 1) folic acid; 2) other vitamins; 3) both; 4) neither. 1195 had a completed pregnancy; 27 of these had a known neural tube defect, 6 in the folic acid groups and 21 in the two other groups. This resulted in a risk ratio= 0.28. What type of study design is this? a) Case-control b) Randomized controlled trial c) Prospective cohort d) Retrospective cohort
- Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) are one of the most severe congenital malformations. A study was conducted to determine whether supplementation with folic acid or a mixture of seven other vitamins (A, D, B1, B2, B6, C, and nicotinamide) around the time of conception could prevent neural tube defects. A total of 1817 women at high risk of having a pregnancy with a neural tube defect (because of a previous affected pregnancy) were allocated at random to one of four groups: 1) folic acid; 2) other vitamins; 3) both; 4) neither. 1195 had a completed pregnancy; 27 of these had a known neural tube defect, 6 in the folic acid groups and 21 in the two other groups. This resulted in a risk ratio= 0.28. Based on the results of the study, which of the following is an appropriate conclusion? a)There is no difference in the effect of folic acid on NTDs b) None of these c) Folic acid increases risk of NTDs d) Folic acid is protective against NTDsList the different kinds of gamates that could be produced by individuals with the following genotype:What would be the phenotypes for each of the following genotypes for Huntington’s Disease? a. Hh = b. hh =
- What is the relationship between beta-amyloid and the protein APP? How does the APP protein differ in a person with the Alzheimer's-risk version of this gene compared to the neurotypical populations?What is the frequency of the aa genotype if the frequencies of AA and aa are 0.19 and 0.36?In one twin study investigating the genetics of addiction, 41% of monozygotic twins both exhibited substance dependence while 24% of dizygotic twins both exhibited substance dependence. Does this twin study suggest that there is or is not a genetic component to addiction? What evidence in model organisms supports a genetic component to addiction?
- I'm having trouble finding the dependent and independent variables of this scenaro: Average IQ scores for young school children are known to be 100 (SD = 15). However, the literature indicates that children’s intelligence may be decreased if their mothers have German measles during pregnancy. Using hospital records, a researcher obtained a sample of n = 25 school children whose mothers all had German measles during their pregnancies. Do the data indicate that children born to mothers who had German measles during the pregnancy have significantly lower IQ scores than typical young school children?Minotaur is only found in the Labyrinth on the island of Crete. The area is famous for its annual spectacle of "Minotaur run," where herds of Minotaur rush out of the Labyrinth to reach their breeding grounds on the beautiful Aegean seashore. A group of Olympian scientists discovered that the horn size of the Minotaur is controlled by a single locus, with HH individuals having the longest, the Hh the medium, and hh the shortest horns. It is further found that the long-horned individuals tend to be tangled up along the way during the annual migration out of the Labyrinth, such that only 80% of the HH individuals can make it out of the Labyrinth alive. Once outside the Labyrinth, the short-horned individuals tend to be less successful at finding food, thus 60% would die from starvation before the beginning of the breeding season. Since the Hh individualsâ horn size are just right, so all of them survive the annual challenge. Initially, the annual migration of Minotaur started out with…Six single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci are known to contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is certain if eight or more of the alleles at these six loci are of the “contributing” variety. An uppercase letter indicates an allele that contributes to diabetes and a lowercase symbol indicates a noncontributing allele. A married couple wants to know the probability of producing a child who is at severe risk of type 2 diabetes. Their genotypes were determined by microarray analysis and are as follows: AaBbccDDEEFf × AaBbCCDdEeFf
