Descriptive epidemiology characterizes the amount and distribution of disease within a population and enables the researcher to a. directly test etiologic hypotheses b. generate testable hypotheses regarding etiology c. evaluate trends in health and disease within a population d. examine whether an upcoming vaccine is effective and safe e. both a and b are correct f. both b and c are correct

Descriptive epidemiology characterizes the amount and distribution of disease within a population and enables the researcher to a. directly test etiologic hypotheses b. generate testable hypotheses regarding etiology c. evaluate trends in health and disease within a population d. examine whether an upcoming vaccine is effective and safe e. both a and b are correct f. both b and c are correct

Basic Clinical Laboratory Techniques 6E

6th Edition

ISBN:9781133893943

Author:ESTRIDGE

Publisher:ESTRIDGE

Chapter7: Basic Clinical Microbiology

Section7.9: Infection Prevention In Healthcare Settings

Problem 3RQ

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Differentiate the following Epidemiological Measures a. Frequency Measures: Incidence and prevalence b. Morbidity Frequency Measures c. Mortality Frequency Measures
All of the following are epidemiological study designs are "observational" in nature, except a. Ecological studies b. Descriptive studies c. Randomized controlled trials d. Prospective cohort studies
Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. Epidemiologists need to focus on evidence and data concerning diseases or other health outcomes, and not on their personal opinions or beliefs b. Many of the historical figures in epidemiology did not have a formal background in epidemiology or public health c. It is not possible for epidemiologists to function in the absence of sophisticated computers, software, high speed internet, and well-equipped labs. d. In addition to understanding acute infectious diseases, epidemiology also examines risk factors for chronic and/or non-infectious health conditions including mental health issues, substance use, cancers, cardiovascular conditions, and the implications of trauma, violence, and systemic racism.
================================Community health nurses use epidemiological concepts to: a.Improve the health of population groups by identifying risk factors that reduce risk and promote illness. b.None of the answers. c.Epidemiological methods are not needed in assessment diagnosis, planning or evaluating community interventions. d.Epidemiologists are not concerned with interrelationships between host and environmental characteristics. ================================Which of the following is an epidemiologic function of the nurse during an epidemic? a.Conducting assessment of suspected cases to detect the communicable disease, and teaching the community on preventive measures against the disease. b.Teaching the community on preventive measures against the disease. c.Monitoring the condition of the cases affected by the communicable disease. d.Participating in the investigation to determine the source of the epidemic.
All of the following are observational epidemiological studies, except a. Descriptive study b. Randomized controlled trial c. Case-control study d. Cross-sectional study e. Cohort study f. Ecological study
The uses of epidemiology include: A. search for determinants (causes of disease) B. estimation of individual risks and chances of contracting disease C. evaluation of health services D. all of the above
3) Which among the following is NOT true to the epidemiologic triangle model? A. If the balance is maintained or is tilted in favor of the host, disease does not occur. B. Environmental elements can tilt the balance in favor of the agent. C. The model suggests that the agent and the susceptible host interact freely in a common environment. D. If the balance is tilted in favor of the agent, disease does not occur. Answer: Rationale: 4 This refers to any organism capable of causing disease: A. Causative agent B. Reservoir C. Portal of exit D. Susceptible Host Answer: Rationale: to nismo
Which of the following statements about the role of epidemiology in health policy is the most appropriate? a. Epidemiology contributes to the development of evidence-based health policies b. Evidence from experimental epidemiological studies is mandatory to advocate for a health policy c. Once a health policy has been implemented, epidemiology helps in evaluating its effectiveness d. Both a and c are correct e. Both a and b are correct f. All the options are correct
Which of the following statements is true? a. Case reports and case series are not useful as scientific evidence b. Experimental studies, such as randomized controlled trials, are mandatory to confirm associations between a risk factor and a disease c. Case reports and case series can provide clues to a new/emerging health condition d. Case-reports and case-series are based solely on the opinions of the investigator
Which of the following scenarios is the least likely to result in a decrease in disease prevalence in a specific population? (assume that there is no migration into or from the population) a. Emergence of a new curative treatment, while incidence remains the same as before b. A more relaxed case definition for the disease, while survival and cure rates remain the same as before c. A worsening of disease reporting standards leading to underreporting of cases, while survival and cure rates remains the same as before d. Higher mortality from the disease, while incidence remains the same as before
In the context of a case-control study, a pro of recruiting incident cases rather than prevalent cases is: a. Incidence is easier to assess than prevalence b. Incidence provides a measure of the burden of disease at one “snapshot” in time c. Using incident cases allows researchers to account for case-deaths that would not be evident if only prevalent cases were considered d. None of the above
Which of the following is not considered a direct use or application of epidemiology? a. To study the effectiveness of health services in the community b. To diagnose the causes, risk factors and distributions of disease and other health outcomes within a community c. To provide healthcare services to specific individuals and communities d. To help formulate public policies for the improvement of collective health and wellbeing

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	a.	directly test etiologic hypotheses
	b.	generate testable hypotheses regarding etiology
	c.	evaluate trends in health and disease within a population
	d.	examine whether an upcoming vaccine is effective and safe
	e.	both a and b are correct
	f.	both b and c are correct