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- 3. Give a schematic diagram of the events of the oxidative phosphorylation involving the electron transport, proton transport, ATP synthesis, reduction of oxygen брWrite a summary reaction for aerobic respiration that shows which reactant becomes oxidized and which becomes reduced.1a. Name and draw diagrammatically the series of mitochondrial electron transfer catalysts, starting with the oxidation of NADH and succinate and ending with the reduction of O2. Indicate the sites and stoichiometry (per 2e) at which protons are translocated from the matrix to the intermembrane space. c. Indicate which complexes are inhibited by: amytal, antimycin A, azide (N3), cyanide (CN), carbon monoxide (CO), and rotenone. d. Describe the effects of (1) oligomycin and (2) uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, e.g., dinitrophenol (DNP), carbonyl cyanide-p- trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), on respiration and ATP synthesis when added to a suspension of mitochondria with excess malate, ADP, and inorganic phosphate (Pi). b. I
- 1. What is the major difference between respiration and anaerobic respiration and explain which metabolic option would yield more energy.1. Write a balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration. Explain why this is a redox reaction.3) Compare the chemiosmotic process in aerobic respiration to the similar process seen in photosynthesis.
- 1. How do peroxisomes quench the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced or that has entered the cells?6. With the presence of fast-food chains, many people have the opportunity to «have a quick bites while their daily physical activity is decreased. Explain why such a diet leads to obcsity more quickly under hypodynamic conditions. For answer: a) draw the charts of metabolic pathways in adipocytes with their activation leading to increased weight; b) give the origin of substrates, enzymes, ways of using final products; c) draw an appropriate chart and describe the stages of sequential hormonal signal transduction to adipocytes and explain the biological effects of the hormonc.16. Complete each of the following reactions in electron transport: CoQ++ FAD 4cyt c (Fe³+) + 4H+ + O₂ 16. Complete each of the following reactions in electron transport: CoQ+ + FAD 4cyt c (Fe³+) + 4H+ + O₂ →→→→4cyt c (Fe²+) + Show Transcribed Text → 4cyt c (Fe²+) +
- 9. Two nutrient solutions are maintained at the same pH. Actively respiring mitochondria are isolated and placed into each of the two solutions. Oxygen gas is bubbled into one solution. The other solution is depleted of available oxygen. Which of the following best explains why ATP production is greater in the tube with oxygen than in the tube without oxygen? (A) The rate of proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane is lower in the sample without oxygen. (B) Electron transport is reduced in the absence of a plasma membrane. (C) In the absence of oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation produces more ATP than does fermentation. (D) In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis produces more ATP than in the absence of oxygen.9 .The energy of electron transport (by the ETC) serves to move protons (hydrogen ions, or H+) to the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion. How does this help the mitochondrion produce ATP? a) This movement of protons sets up the electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion. b) The protons pick up electrons from the electron transport chain on their way through the inner mitochondrial membrane c) The protons receive electrons from the NAD+ and FAD that were accepted in glycolysis ad the citric acid cycle d) The protons are transferred to oxygen in an energy-releasing reaction1. Describe the reactive part of each of the following coenzymes and the way each participates in metabolic pathways: a. FAD b. NAD+