Q: Suggest reasons why developing a safe and effective vaccine usually takes many years.
A: Vaccines are made by taking weak strains or killed viruses or bacteria so that they can't reproduce…
Q: Which of the following antigen-antibody reaction is used in blood ?grouping Precipitation O…
A: Blood is thick fluid that circulates through out the body in order to supply oxygen and nutrients to…
Q: An example of an in vivo serological test is a. indirect immunofl uorescence b. radioimmunoassay c.…
A: The scientific studies of serum and other body fluids are collectively known as serological tests.…
Q: Enlist two immunological diagnostic techniques that rely on a secondary antibody and explain their…
A: In Immunological diagnostic techniques, antigen and antibody play the key role. Specific antigen…
Q: What is immunoassay? Differentiate direct and indirect immunoasay tests.
A: In immunology, antigen (Ag) refers to any particle or object that is capable of elucidating immune…
Q: Why is a false-positive more significant in HIV testing of patients than in screening donated blood…
A: HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is defined as a virus that will attack the immune system of an…
Q: Describe three different types of vaccines
A: Vaccines are meds that are utilized to make individuals invulnerable to specific infections. They…
Q: The immune system of a person is supressed. He was found positive for a pathogen in the diagnostic…
A: ELISA refers to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It is a plate-based assay technique and is…
Q: Describe the applications of BCG vaccine.
A: A vaccine is synthesized from a weakened or killed form of a microbe, microbe’s toxins, or surface…
Q: Identify the advantages of alternative immunization strategies as compared to traditional…
A: Immunization is the action where a person's immune system is protected from an external agent called…
Q: Describe how testing for HIV infection is accomplished.
A: Generally, the testing for HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is done in 2 steps that involves…
Q: Direct immunofluorescent tests use a labeled antibody to identifya. an unknown microbe b. an unknown…
A: Direct immuno-fluorescence(DIF) is a technique employed in the laboratory to diagnose skin, kidney,…
Q: Describe how both active and passive immunization can be used to combat tetanus.
A: Injecting the antibodies into the systemic circulation is the process involved in artificially…
Q: What is the recommended method to identify an antibody causing a suspected ABO based HDN( Hemolytic…
A: Erythroblastosis fetalis is known as hemolytic disease of the newborn. The two main causes of this…
Q: Summarize the advantage of using a monoclonal antibodyfor diagnosis or treatment
A: Monoclonal antibody is a man made protein which act like a antibiotics. Some monoclonal antibody are…
Q: Differentiate between the hypersensitivity reactions involvingan incompatible blood transfusion and…
A: Any condition that interferes with normal body functioning is considered a disease. Immunity is the…
Q: Which component of an indirect ELISA detects the antigen? O Primary Antibody O Secondary antibody O…
A: ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is a 96 well plate assay technique used for detection and…
Q: n agglutination reactions, the antigen is a……… in precipitation reactions, the antigen is a……………
A: The particles clump or agglutinate when a particulate antigen is combined with its antibody in the…
Q: Explain how it is possible for people to give a false-positive reactionin blood tests for syphilis,…
A: Syphilis is caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum. And it can be detected with blood test called…
Q: Describe the six types of antigen preparations for making vaccines.
A: Vaccines are basically preparations of biological components that help develop an immune response…
Q: a. Seropositivity means having a blood serum that tests positive. Explain why it may or may not…
A: Infectious or non-infectious diseases could affect the body’s functioning. When blood serum is…
Q: List two of the major targets of combination antiretroviral therapies used to clinically treat HIV-1…
A: The two major targets of combination retroviral therapies used to clinically treat HIV infections…
Q: Interpret the outcome of direct and indirect immunofl uorescent antibody testing.
A: Antigen or Antibody detection can be done nowadays in many different ways. Enzyme-linked…
Q: Differentiate the screening and confirmatory test for HIV.
A: HIV:- Human Immunodeficiency virus causes AIDS i.e. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in human. In…
Q: Explain why people with B cell deficiency can benefit from artificial passive immunotherapy, and…
A: Active immunity results when an individual's immune framework attempts to deliver antibodies and…
Q: state the difference between a qalitative and quanitative serological test
A: The serological tests lookout for antibodies formed in the body by the invasion of foreign proteins…
Q: Explain the reasons for changes in antibody titer for a singleinfectious agent, from the acute phase…
A: Antigen is a foreign particle or infectious agent which elicits the immune response in one body and…
Q: describe the EIA test for HIV antibodies and state the significance of a positive HIV antibody test
A: HIV is a retroviruses whose genome is made up of RNA. The genome of RNA is surrounded or…
Q: In an immunoblot the primary antibody recognizes: the secondary antibody nitrocellulose…
A: Ans. Immunoblot- It is also known as the western blotting technique, a highly sensitive method that…
Q: Describe the method, time frame, and rationale for the tuberculinskin test. What component of the…
A: The tuberculin skin test is also known as Mendel–Mantoux test or Mantoux test. It is a tool used for…
Q: Help explain this LAPTM5 and LAPTM5 restrict HIV-1 infectivity
A: Answer
Q: Explain why people with B-cell deficiencies can benefit from artificial passive…
A: B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They…
Q: Identify about the Qualities of an effective vaccine.
A: The immune system protects our body from infections.
Q: To define the qualities of an effective vaccine.
A: Introduction Vaccines are the biological products which protect our body from different diseases.…
Q: Explain the contribution of antigenic determinant is false negative and false positive tes
A: Antigenic determinants are the component of an antigen present on the surface that gets attached to…
Q: Explain how we can support HIV in a bullet form.
A: HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus is causative organism causing AIDS- Acquired Immunodeficiency…
Q: the diagnostic for test HIV, and the virus that causes AIDS, involves testing the blood for…
A: The immune system of the body protects the individual from the attack of external pathogens. The…
Q: Weigh the following observation: High titers of antibodies for EBVare found in a leukemia patient; a…
A: Introduction Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is one of the common viruses that infects the humans, it is…
Q: Name the technique which is used to detect HIV in Suspected AIDS patient?
A: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), is a retrovirus that causes the Acquired Immune Deficiency…
Q: Why is there an enzyme attached to the secondary antibody? a. They provide a colometire indication…
A: Introduction Secondary antibodies are especially efficient in immunolabeling, secondary antibody…
Q: Which of the following vaccine types uses live but weakened pathogen to achieve vaccination?
A: Vaccines contain attenuated pathogens or killed pathogen or inactivated pathogen. Vaccines provides…
Q: Identify the major categories of vaccine antigens, citingexamples.
A: Antigens are the protein molecules capable of inducing an immune response. Antibodies…
Q: Explain how to prevent HIV and AIDS
A: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strikes the defense mechanism of the human body (immune system –…
Q: Determine the cell of the immune system responsible for processing antigen presented in a patch…
A: ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL: A heterogeneous collection of immune cells called antigen presenting cells…
Q: Interpret the outcome of direct and indirect immunofluorescentantibody testing.
A: Fluorescent Antibody techniques are utilized for the rapid visualization of bacteria that involves…
Describe the procedures for an ELISA test for the HIV antibodies in patients
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- Name two types of immunodiffusion tests and describe how they operateName the technique based on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction used in detection of a virus (HIV).The direct ELISA test requires only one antibody only one antigen both primary and secondary antibody only secondary antibody conjugated with enzyme system