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Describe Brownian motion. What causes it? How does one differentiate between Brownian motion, water movement, and true motility?
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- Describe the journey of a water molecule. Begin with it as water in the soil, and end with it as water vapor in the air outside a leaf. Describe a) the structures through which the water molecule moves, and b) the reason it moves during the different parts of the process.What is meant by concentration gradient? Is it correct to refer to “concentration gradient of water”?Why is egg buoyancy an indicator of egg freshness? Explain in terms of the chemical/biochemical reactions that occur during storage.
- explain the mechanism by which acid growth happens. Why is acid growth important for plants?The following four chemicals commonly found in defined growth media contain all of the necessary atomic macronutrients, namely C, O, N, H, S and P, which microbes require: glucose (C6H12O6), K2HPO4, MgSO4.7H2O, and (NH4)HPO4. Part a. Create a simple diagram to map which growth media chemical contributes atoms to which of the four biological macromolecules (amino acids, polysaccharides, lipids, and ribonucleic acids). Part b. Consider a cell culture broth that originally (before inoculation with cells) contains 5.0 gr/L glucose (C6H12O6), 1.2 gr/L K2HPO4, 0.3 gr/L MgSO4∙7H2O, and 1.0 gr/L (NH4)HPO4. Create a table showing how much of each of the different atoms (C, H, O, K, P, Mg, S, N) are available for incorporation into cell macromolecules (assume 50% of the glucose is catabolized, while the remainder goes for energy (respiration). Express your answers with units of grams of atomic species / liter of culture broth.An H+ ion is smaller than an H2O molecule, and a glycerol molecule, a three-carbon alcohol, is much larger. Both readily dissolve in H2O. Why do aquaporins fail to transport H+ whereas some can transport glycerol?
- If the potato is allowed to dehydrate by sitting in open air, would the potato cells be more likely to absorb more or less water? Explain in a simple way.What is a possible hypothesis about the osmolarity of the potato tissue in relation to the sucrose solutions presented?In the stomach, parietal cells are responsible for the formation of the gastric juice. During acid secretion, the pH in the stomach is estimated to be pH = 2, whereas parietal cells maintain an intracellular pH =7.35. The transmembrane potential of parietal cells is typically -70 mV. Body temperature 37°C. 1) Calculate the proton gradient concentration across the parietal membrane 2) Calculate the free energy change associated with the secretion of 1 mole of H* 3) Do you think that Ht transport can be driven by ATP hydrolysis at the ratio of one molecule of ATP per H* transported? You can use your textbook or other sources to check AG for ATP hydrolysis 4) If H* where free to move back to into the cell, calculate the membrane potential that would be required to prevent them to do so
- Answer the following questions about the cell membrane; a) How are the phospholipids in the structure of the cell membrane called due to their tendency towards water?b) How do you interpret the transitions of lipophilic and hydrophilic substances that will pass through the cell membrane and the energy requirement in this context?c) State some of the features that cross the cell membrane and make "porin proteins" specific.d) Briefly clarify the concepts of "acylation", "prenylation" and "GPI stabilizer" in the context of membrane protein interactions.e) When determining ABO Blood Groups, give information about which blood group data can be obtained depending on the interaction of which antigens in the red blood cell and which antibodies in the serum.If the potato is allowed to dehydrate by sitting in open air, would the potato cells be more likely to absorb more or less water? Explain.a. What is the definition of water activity, and what is the measurement of water activity? and What are suction processes, and how may they be utilized to determine the stability of food? b. What processing methods can be used to modify food's water activity? Describe how each of them affects water activity.