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Define oncogene, proto-oncogene, and tumor-suppressor gene.
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- Define the following terms: tumor, neoplasia, anaplasia, metastasis, proto-oncogene, oncogene, and tumor suppressor gene.Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. To become cancer promoting, do proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes undergo gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutations? Classify the following genes as proto-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes: p53, ras, BCL-2, JUN, MDM2, and p16."In the cellular regulatory pathways that control cell growth and proliferation, the products of oncogenes are stimulatory components and the products of tumor suppressor genes are inhibitory components" is true or false.
- What is a tumor suppressor? What is an oncogene?Tissues and differentiation a)Explain what is meant by termination and differentiation ).b) Explain the difference between an oncogenic and a tumour suppressor gene and describe how they are involved in the onset of cancerDescribe the genetic changes that inactivate tumor-suppressor genes.
- Explain why mutations in tumor suppressor genes are recessive (both copies of the gene must be defective for the regulation of cell division to be defective), whereas mutations in oncogenes are dominant.1. a)Proteins that stimulate/promote progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. b)Proteins that inhibit progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. c)What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene? d)To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one. e)To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one.Describe the genetic changes that convert proto-oncogenesinto oncogenes or inactivate tumor-suppressor genes.
- Compare and contrast oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Contrast oncogenes and proto-oncogenes. Describe the types of mutations that convert proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. Summarize some functions of common oncogenes in cell survival and uncontrolled growth. Contrast tumor suppressors to oncogenes. Describe the types of mutations in tumor suppressors that are found in common cancers. Summarize the functions of common tumor suppressors in cell survival and cell growth.Compare and contrast oncogenes versus tumor-suppressorgenes.How do BRCA1 and BRCA2 function in regard to cell proliferation (are they proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, or tumor suppressor genes)?