Complete the following chart about PDHK activity by determining if the molecule would be in high or lo concentration or which pathway would be active.
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- In the indicated tissues, how will each process or the activity of each enzyme below be affected by the signal sent upon Glucagon secretion? Use an up (t) or down (1) arrow or NC (no change). (Hint: Decide what pathways will be up-regulated first, then look at the enzymes below!) + Triacylglygerol Lipase (Adipocytes) Phosphofructokinase-2 (Liver) Insulin secretion (Pancreas) Pyruvate Kinase (Muscle) Glycogen Phosphorylase (Liver) Phosphofructokinase-1 (Liver) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (Liver) Fatty Acid Biosynthesis (Liver) PEP Carboxxkinase (Liver) Phosphorylation of Perilipins (Adipocytes) Adenylate Cyclase (Liver) Glycogen Synthase (Liver) Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Hexokinase II (Muscle)Describe the sources and fates of acetyl CoAExplain why insulin is required for adipocytes to synthesize triacylglycerols from fatty acids.
- Describe the effects of The effect on the glucagon response in the liver treated with a cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor on glycogen metabolism on cell signaling pathways and metabolism or cell cycle control.Which might be a physiological phenotype associated with loss of function of GLUT1? inability of glucose to enter the intestinal cells from the intestinal lumen and high glucose excreted accumulation of glucose in the intestinal epithelial cytoplasm loss of glucose transport into somatic tissues (such as neurons in the brain) low glucose levels in the bloodstreamWhy would LDH be up- or down-regulated depending on location of cancer cells? Anaerobic cancer cells enhance rates of ATP production and rely on pyruvate to lactate conversion. LDH5 expressed can vary in favoring pyruvate for conversion to lactate (anaerobic metabolism). Aerobic compartments in newly formed fibrobasts and vessels use lactate to convert to pyruvate for oxidative phosphorylation and favor lactate conversion to pyruvate by LDH1 (aerobic metabolism). Lactate dehydrogenase is upregulated in both cancer cells and supporting stroma and vessels, thus only LDH5 is upregulated showing enhanced expression levels and thus presence at the plasma membrane to increase levels of lactate for export, LDH1 levels are always consistent. LDH1 is upregulated in response to the export of lactate by MCT1, while LDH5 is down-regulated Neither LDH1 or LDH5 are both consistently expressed, regardless of oxygen levels
- During hyp[erglycemia or diabetes - what two regulatory enzymes are active? Why are they active?Explain why adipocytes need glucose as well as fatty acids in order to synthesize triacylglycerols.Mutations in glucokinase which lower the kcat for the enzyme or elevate the Km for glucose result in mild to moderate elevation of blood glucose. Explain how these mutations cause diabetes-like symptoms in patients.
- Write a one-sentence explanation for each of the following statements. (a) In liver, glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown via cyclic AMP. Although one might expect glucagon also to stimulate catabolism of the glucose formed, glucagon inhibits glycolysis and stimulates glu- coneogenesis in liver. (b) An individual with a glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency suffers from chronic hypoglycemia. (c) The action of phosphorylase kinase simultaneously activates glycogen breakdown and inhibits glycogen synthesis. (d) The presence in liver of glucose-6-phosphatase is essential to the function of the liver in synthesizing glucose for use by other tissues.Insulin signals activate all of the following enzymes except: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) Protein kinase B (PKB; or Akt) All of the above enzymes are activated by insulin signals Citrate move in and out of mitochondria via a specific transport protein. What would happen if aninhibitor completely inhibited this transport system? Fatty acid biosynthesis would slow down Ketone body synthesis would slow down Both A and B Neither A nor BGiven insulin's structure, where is its target likely located? Insulin's adverse side effects include headache, nau- sea, hunger, confusion and weakness. What can these symptoms be attributed to? Insulin has major effects on muscle and adipose tissue. It increases the rate of glucose transport across the cell membrane, decreases the rate of lipolysis, and increases uptake of triglycerides and some amino acids from the blood. In doing so, what metabolic processes does it favor? Carbohydrates: Lipids: Proteins:
