Cold sensitive mutation (Cs) results in a mutant phenotype below a particular temperature. Bacteria with mutation ess-2 (Ts) can form colonies at 32oC but not at 37oC and 42oC, while bacteria with mutation ess-5 (Cs) can form colonies at 42oC but not at 32oC and 37oC. What would be the phenotype of an ess-2 (Ts) and ess-5 (Cs) double mutant?
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Cold sensitive mutation (Cs) results in a mutant
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- When present on the leaves of plants, the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae can promote frost damage to plants. Mutant strains, lacking the “ice” gene, have been applied to plants to try and protect the plants from wild-type P. syringae-induced frost. Assume that I am telling the truth that wild-type P. syringae nucleates ice formation at -2 °C, and provide an explanation as to why application of this altered (mutant) bacterium to plants might be a beneficial agricultural strategy in areas where morning lows occasionally dip down to 28-30 °F.In the Avery, McLeod, McCarty Experiment where supernatant from heat killed, virulent S Strain pneumonia solutions were added to non-virulent R Strain pneumonia cell cultures and allowed to grow in liquid media (i.e., broth). In tubes where Protease was added to the supernatant prior to cell culture, what was the observed effect when plating and growing the S. pneumonia cells to solid media?In a process of production of a recombinant protein by E. coli cells, it was observed accumulation of acetate in the culture medium. In this situation, it can be said that: (a) certainly the process in question was being conducted in anaerobiosis (B).Acetate accumulation is advantageous for the process as the acetate formation reaction generates 1 molecule of ATP (c)Knowing that decreasing the temperature of the process causes a reduction in the rate of glycolysis, this could be a strategy to reduce the accumulation of acetate (d).the acetate formed can be re-assimilated by the cell if the glyoxylate pathway is activated at some point in the culture
- In the Avery, McLeod, McCarty Experiment where supernatant from heat killed, virulent S Strain pneumonia solutions were added to non-virulent R Strain pneumonia cell cultures and allowed to grow in liquid media (i.e., broth). In tubes where Protease was added to the supernatant prior to cell culture, what was the observed effect when plating and growing the S. pneumonia cells to solid media? Selected answer will be automatically saved. For keyboard navigation, press up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a b C d e All RNA was degraded and Transformation of the R Strain to S Strain occurred. All Protein was degraded and Transformation of the R Strain to S Strain occurred. All DNA was degraded and Transformation of the R Strain to S Strain occurred. All RNA was degraded and no Transformation occurred indicating RNA is the molecule of Transformation inheritance None of the above are trueType S Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium is lethal and will kill its host. If heat inactivated the S strain dies and becomes nonlethal. Type R Streptococcus pneumoniae is a nonvirulent strain of bacteria. What would occur if one were to inject both the R strain and heat-killed S strains into a host organism such as the mouse? The R strain would be transformed into the virulent S strain and kill the host. Neither the S nor the R strain would change. The R strain would be transformed into the virulent S strain and not affect the host. The S strain would be transformed into the nonvirulent R strain and not affect the host The S strain would be transformed into the nonvirulent R strain and kill the host.You generate several temperature sensitive mutant strains of bacteria. To study what genes might be affected, the mutant strains are cultured along with the normal parental strain at the permissive temperature (37°C) and then shifted at 10 minute intervals to the non permissive temperature (42°C). The only nucleotides in the growth environment are labeled with 32P. The amount of DNA at each step is measured by determining the amount of labeled nucleotides that have been incorporated into the DNA. The numbers refer to the relative amount of labeled nucleotides that have been incorporated. The following results are obtained.(picture) Which strains/strains, if any, has a mutation in a gene required for DNA replication? Explain your experimental predictions and the degree to which the data support/fail to support them.
- Given what we've discussed in class, what will be most likely outcome if you conjugate an streptomycin resistant ampicillin sensitive methionine auxotroph E. coli strain (engineered to be pir+) that is F- with a streptomycin sensitive non-HFR methionine prototroph strain that is F- and RP4+ but contains pUC18? Colonies on minimal media + ampicillin +streptomycin plates No colonies on minimal media +ampicillin +streptomycin platesIn your laboratory, you have an F− strain of E. coli that is resistantto streptomycin and is unable to metabolize lactose, but it can metabolizeglucose. Therefore, this strain can grow on a medium thatcontains glucose and streptomycin, but it cannot grow on a mediumcontaining lactose. A researcher has sent you two E. colistrains in two separate tubes. One strain, let’s call it strain A, hasan F′ factor (an F prime factor) that carries the genes that are requiredfor lactose metabolism. On its chromosome, it also has thegenes that are required for glucose metabolism. However, it is sensitiveto streptomycin. This strain can grow on a medium containinglactose or glucose, but it cannot grow if streptomycin is addedto the medium. The second strain, let’s call it strain B, is an F−strain. On its chromosome, it has the genes that are required forlactose and glucose metabolism. Strain B is also sensitive to streptomycin.Unfortunately, when strains A and B were sent to you, thelabels had fallen…In the experiment performed by Messelson and Stahl, bacterial cells grown in 15N-containing growth medium for many generations were then allowed to grow in 14N-containing medium. Suppose they would have conducted the experiment the other way around: that is, to first grow bacterial cells in 14N-containing medium for many generations and then switching them to a 15N-containing growth medium. After two generations of growth in 15N media the results of a CsCl density gradient centrifugation of the DNA would be expected to show one band of intermediate-density and one band of low-density (i.e. light band) one band of low density (i.e. light band), one band of intermediate density, and one band of high density (i.e. heavy band). one band of intermediate density and one band of high-density (i.e. heavy band) one band on intermediate density one band of low density (i.e. light band) and one band of high density (i.e. heavy band). O O
- In the experiment performed by Messelson and Stahl, bacterial cells grown in 15N-containing growth medium for many generations were then allowed to grow in 14N-containing medium. Suppose they would have conducted the experiment the other way around: that is, to first grow bacterial cells in 14N-containing medium for many generations and then switching them to a 15N-containing growth medium. After two generations of growth in 15N media the results of a CsCl density gradient centrifugation of the DNA would be expected to show O one band of intermediate density and one band of high-density (i.e. heavy band) one band on intermediate density O one band of intermediate-density and one band of low-density (i.e. light band) one band of low density (L.e. light band) and one band of high density (1.e. heavy band). one band of low density (I.e. light band), one band of intermediate density, and one band of high density (i.e. heavy band).You perform an Ames test to determine which compound X causes mutations or not. You grow an auxotrophic strain of bacteria on three plates; one with no compound X, one with just compound X and one with compound X mixed with liver enzymes. You find many more colonies on the plates with compound X and with compound X plus liver enzymes compared to the control plate. Which of the following describes the best interpretation of the results? Compound X causes mutations on it's own but is safe after exposure to liver enzymes. Compound X is not mutagenic. Compound X is mutagenic regardless of whether it has been processed by liver enzymes. Compound X is mutagenic only after being treated with liver enzymes.A pure culture of an unknown bacterium was streaked onto plates of a variety of media. You notice that the colony morphologyis strikingly different on plates of minimal media with glucose compared to that seen on trypticase soy agar plates. How can you explain these differences in colony morphology? Also, describe what happens when a nonsense mutation is introduced into the gene encoding transposase within a transposon and why is it more likely that insertions or deletions will be more detrimental to a cell than point mutations?