Blood Glucose Over Time 115 100 85 30 60 90 120 Time (minutes) Source: Adapted from https://www.sciencenews.org/article good-diet-you-may-be-bad-me - Explain why most human cells require a supply of glucose State one specific response of the body to the increase in blood glucose level that would account for the changes that begin about 30 minutes after eating the cookie. Blood Glucose (milligrams per deciliter)

Blood Glucose Over Time 115 100 85 30 60 90 120 Time (minutes) Source: Adapted from https://www.sciencenews.org/article good-diet-you-may-be-bad-me - Explain why most human cells require a supply of glucose State one specific response of the body to the increase in blood glucose level that would account for the changes that begin about 30 minutes after eating the cookie. Blood Glucose (milligrams per deciliter)

Anatomy & Physiology

1st Edition

ISBN:9781938168130

Author:Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble

Publisher:Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble

Chapter24: Metabolism And Nutrition

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 33CTQ: Insulin is released when food is ingested and stimulates the uptake of glucose into the cell....

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Intestinal epithelial cells pump glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient using the Na-glucose symporter. Recall that the Na* concentration is significantly higher outside the cell than inside the cell. The symporter couples the "downhill" transport of two Na* ions into the cell to the "uphill" transport of glucose into the cell. If the Nat concentration outside the cell ([Na lout) is 141 mM and that inside the cell ([Na* lin) is 19.0 mM, and the cell potential is -52.0 mV (inside negative), calculate the maximum energy available for pumping a mole of glucose into the cell. Assume the temperature is 37 °C. AGglac 9.63 Incorrect kJ mol What is the maximum ratio of [glucose), to [glucose)out that could theoretically be produced if the energy coupling were 100% efficient? O 2700 1.13 3.7 x 10- 7.90
Type VI glycogen storage disease (Hers disease) is a rare metabolic disorder caused by lack of phosphorylase kinase in the liver. In your own words describe how each of the following metabolic parameters/observations will be affected/unaffected in a person with Type VI GSD (a) Blood glucose levels, after fasting (e.g. before breakfast). (b) Blood glucose levels, immediately following a meal. (c) Storage of glycogen in the liver and muscles. (d) ATP concentration in the muscles
O Att Intestinal epithelial cells pump glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient using the Nat-glucose symporter. Recall that the Nat concentration is significantly higher outside the cell than inside the cell. The symporter couples the "downhill" transport of two Nat ions into the cell to the "uphill" transport of glucose into the cell. If the Nat concentration outside the cell ([Na lout) is 161 mM and that inside the cell ([Na* Jm) is 17.0 mM, and the cell potential is -50.0 mV (inside negative), calculate the maximum energy available for pumping a mole of glucose into the cell. Assume the temperature is 37 °C. What is the maximum ratio of (glucose] to [glucoselout 10.62 kJ AG gluc mol that could theoretically be produced if the energy Incorrect coupling were 100% efficient? O 1.13 8.24 3800 2.6 x 10 Incorrect
these are KT values. Which transporter that is a GLUT will transport glucose from blood which is 5nm at the maximum or Vmax? Is it (GLUT 11,KT= 0.1M), (is it GLUT1, KT = 3nm), (is it GLUT 2, KT= 17nm), (or GLUT 4, KT = 5nm)
The “keto diet” is a dietary regimen in which carbohydrates are severely restricted, protein intake is low, and fat comprises 70–90% of daily calories. The diet causes “nutritional ketosis,” which is a different metabolic state than the ketosis that occurs in an untreated diabetic. The normal ketone body concentration is less than 0.6 mM. Explain why an individual on the keto diet may have a blood ketone body concentration of up to 3 mM. What biochemical pathways are active in an individual adhering to the keto diet? What pathways are largely inactive? Protein intake is kept low because a high-protein diet would inhibit ketosis. Explain why. Why might the keto diet lead to weight loss?
Hemoglobin molecules exposed to high levels of glucose areconverted to glycated products. The most common, referred to as hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), contains a b-chain glycatedadduct. Because red blood cells last about 3 months, HbA1Cconcentration is a useful measure of a patient’s blood sugarcontrol. In general terms, describe why and how HbA1Cforms.
Intestinal epithelial cells pump glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient using the Na+– glucose symporter. Recall that the Na+ concentration is significantly higher outside the cell than inside the cell. The symporter couples the "downhill" transport of two Na+ ions into the cell to the "uphill" transport of glucose into the cell. If the Na+ concentration outside the cell ([Na+]out) is 163 mM and that inside the cell ([Na+]in) is 21.0 mM, and the cell potential is −54.0 mV (inside negative), calculate the maximum energy available for pumping a mole of glucose into the cell. Assume the temperature is 37 °C.
Intestinal epithelial cells pump glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient using the Nat-glucose symporter. Recall that the Na+ concentration is significantly higher outside the cell than inside the cell. The symporter couples the "downhill" transport of two Na+ ions into the cell to the "uphill" transport of glucose into the cell. If the Na+ concentration outside the cell ([Na+]out) is 155 mM and that inside the cell ([Na+ lin) is 21.0 mM, and the cell potential is -52.0 mV (inside negative), calculate the maximum energy available for pumping a mole of glucose into the cell. Assume the temperature is 37 °C. AGgluc = kJ mol What is the maximum ratio of [glucose] in to [glucose]out that could theoretically be produced if the energy coupling were 100% efficient? O 2700 7.89 O 1.14 3.7 x 10-4
Insulin is released when food is ingested and stimulates the uptake of glucose into the cell. Discuss tine mechanism cells employ to create a concentration gradient to ensure continual uptake of glucose from the bloodstream.
Express the Haworth projection of glucose. Show its alpha and beta anomers:
In McArdle's disease, a type of glycogen storage disease, there is a total deficiency of muscle glycogen phosphorylase. An individual with such disease is not able to exercise strenuously and experiences muscle cramps. Exercise leads to higher than normal levels of cellular ADP and Pi. Besides, lactic acid does not accumulate, as in the case of a normal individual. Explain the chemical imbalances shown in McArdle's discase.
Autophagy Is Required for PKA Activation and Cell Viability upon GlucoseStarvation. The functional relationship between PKA and autophagyis largely unclear. Because PKA controls cell metabolism particularly related to glucose status (21–23), we first examined the relationship between autophagy and PKA activity in the control of cellmetabolism with glucose limitation. We found that in addition toactivating autophagy, glucose starvation also induced the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding (p-CREB), a wellknown PKA substrate, indicative of elevated PKA activity in bothHEK293T and HCT116 cells. In contrast, disruption of autophagyby deletion of essential autophagy gene Atg7 or Atg14 abolished theincrease of p-CREB levels in the above cells (SI Appendix, Fig.S1 A, B, D, and E), suggesting that inactivation of autophagy suppresses PKA activity in response to energy shortage. Moreover, lossof Atg7 or Atg14 accelerated cell death in response to glucosestarvation (SI Appendix, Fig.…