An infant was admitted to hospital for failure to thrive. It was discovered that the infant lacks the enzyme to metabolize long chain fatty acids, the major fuel in most mammals. Treatment included a diet rich in very short chain fatty acids, such as caproic acid (which is high in goat's milk and olive oil). How much ATP would you expect to gain from the complete oxidation of one molecule of caproic acid. (Caproic acid is a saturated fatty acid with 6 carbons). A) 36 B) 38 C) 40 OD) 42
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- Fatty acids are oxidized by acyl COA dehydrogenase. Branched fatty acids, containing a methyl group at beta carbons cannot be oxidized by this enzyme. How does the oxidation of such branched fatty acids take place? Explain with all set of reactions and enzymes involvedBefore β-oxidation, fatty acids must be converted to their CoASH derivatives. Explain why this reaction is necessary.Fatty acids are stored in adipose tissue, as triacylglycerol (TAG) forms. TAGs are degraded as glycerol and fatty acids where energy is required. Based on that knowledge explain: How these products are used in the adipose, liver, and other tissue? Why glycerol can not be metabolized in adipose tissue?
- Fatty acids are oxidized by acyl COA dehydrogenase. Branched fatty acids, containing a methyl group at beta carbons cannot be oxidized by this enzyme. How does the oxidation of such branched fatty acids take place? Explain with all set of reactions and enzymes involved.. give necessary detail.. avoid cpy rightingYears ago there was interest in using uncouplers such as dinitrophenol as weight control agents. Presumably, fat could be oxidized without concomi- tant ATP synthesis for re-formation of fat or carbohydrate. Why was this a bad (i.e., fatal) idea?Oxygen is not a reactant in the β oxidation of fatty acids. Can β oxidation occur under anaerobic conditions? Explain.
- Show the first cycle of beta-oxidation of stearic acid. How many ATPs will be generated from the complete oxidation of this fatty acid?Thioester play an important role in glycolysis and the TCA cycle. Which reactions in glycolysis and tca cycle involve thioesters.Years ago there was interest in using uncouplers such as dinitrophenol as weight control agents. Presumably, fat could be oxidized without concomitant ATP synthesis for re-formation of fat or carbohydrate. Why was this a bad idea?
- Toxins that occur in certain mushrooms block β oxidation in humans. Explain why ingesting the mushrooms leads to heart palpitations and severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).When the acetyl-CoA produced during β-oxidation in the liver exceeds the capacity of the citric acid cycle, the excess acetyl-CoA forms ketone bodies—acetone, acetoacetate, and D-b-hydroxybutyrate. This occurs in severe, uncontrolled diabetes: because the tissues cannot use glucose, they oxidize large amounts of fatty acids instead. Although acetyl-CoA is not toxic, the mitochondrion must divert the acetyl-CoA to ketone bodies. What problem would arise if acetyl-CoA were not converted to ketone bodies? How does the diversion to ketone bodies solve the problem?Triglyceride is an important energy reserve material for human body. When sugar supply is insufficient, triglyceride can be powered by B oxidation and decomposition of fatty acids. When sugar intake is excessive, triglyceride can also be synthesized by de novo synthesis. List the differences between the fatty acid beta oxidation pathway and the de novo synthesis pathway (identify at least five differences)