amplifies NADPH glucose-stimulated exocytosis, but only when is in excess (panel e). NADH inhibits over glucose-stimulated exocytosis (panel f). has a minor effect on NADP NADPH
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- In angiogenic endothelial cells, pyruvate is converted to lactate (generating 2 ATP per glucose) rather than being completely oxidized (which would generate ~32 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation). Explain why angiogenic cells generate ATP anaerobically.Kt of glucose for GLUT1=3 mM, GLUT2=17 mM, GLUT 3=1.3 mM, and GLUT11=0.3 mM. Sketch a graph with [glucose] on the x-axis and rate of transport on the y-axis. Sketch a line for each GLUT transporter above. Which of these GLUT transporters will be working at its maximum rate at [glucose]=5 mM? Which of these GLUT transporters will be working closest to ½ Vmaxwhen [glucose]=5 mM? What will be the approximate rate of glucose transport for each of these transporters if [glucose]=17 mM?Consider the typical beta oxidation of linoleic acid (C18:2 ^Δ9, 12): How many ATP are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid? How many NADH are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid? How many FADH2 are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid?
- Glucose-6-phosphatase is located inside the endoplasmic reticulum. Describe the probable symptoms of a defect in G6P transport across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.The toxic effect of Na+ ions can be avoided in some plant species by storing them in membrane-bound vacuoles within the cytosol. Calculate the maximum vacuolar-to-cytosolic [Na+] ratio that could be achieved by a Na+/H+ antiport mechanism in the vacuolar membrane if the cytosolic pH is 7.4 and the vacuolar pH is 5.6.(a) Consider the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate by NAD*: malate + NAD+ → oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ In yeast mitochondria, where the pH = 8.1, this reaction is exergonic only at low oxaloacetate concentrations. Assuming a pH = 8.1, a temperature of 37 °C, and the steady-state concentrations given below, calculate the maximum concentration of oxaloacetate at which the reaction will still be exergonic. malate + NAD*→ oxaloacetate + NADH + H* lactate + NAD →→ pyruvate + NADH + H+ half reaction Pyruvate + 2H+ + 2e → lactate Pyruvate + CO₂ + H + 2e → malate Intracellular steady state concentrations: malate = 410 μM; NAD = 20.0 mM; pyruvate = 3.22 mM; NADH = 290 μM; AG=+29.7 kJ/mol AG¹ = +25.1 kJ/mol E° (V) - 0.190 - 0.330 lactate 1.1 mM CO₂ = 15.5 torr
- Which arrestin is required for activation of phosphorylation of MDM2 during chronic Iso stimulation? use the following Figures 1and 2 respectively to explain pleaseThe O2-consumption curve of a dilute, well-buff ered suspension of mito chondria containing an excess of ADP and Pi takes the following form: Sketch the curves obtained when (a) amytal is added at time t = 1 and (b) amytal is added at t = 1 and succinate is added at t = 2.Please briefly explain the ATP_modulated actomyosin cycle.
- About the process of industrial production of ethanol by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mark the correct alternatives: (a) the cells must be cultured in anaerobic conditions to activate the metabolic pathway of ethanol production (b). the presence of oxygen is required to allow regeneration of the NAD+ cofactor (c). good oxygenation of the medium is important to favor the formation of greater amounts of ATP (d).the production of ethanol is always accompanied by the formation of glycerol (e). the sugar present in the culture medium is completely oxidized to CO2 and waterTable 9.2 shows that Go’ for the aldolase reaction is large, and positive, yet the reaction proceeds in the forward direction. Using the metabolite concentrations in table 9.3, calculate the actual G in the cell for the reaction to show that it is consistent with the value reported in table 9.2. Explain in words the strategy the cell uses to keep glycolysis moving in the forward direction (1-2 sentences).The drug troglitazone was used to treat diabetes but was withdrawn from the market when patientswho took the drug suffered from severe side effects. The data below show the activity of an enzymein the steroid biosynthetic pathway in the presence and absence of 10 µM troglitazone.[S] (µM) v0 (pmol min-1)Create a plot of 1/v0 vs. 1/[S]. Calculate KM and vmax in presence and absence of inhibitor. Whattype of inhibitor is troglitazone? Clearly support your answer.