A heterozygous tall yellow plant is crossed with a homozygous short green. What will be the genotypes 3. and phenotypes, and probabilities of the first generation? Genotype of the heterozygous tall, yellow plant Genotype of the homozygous short, green plant Genotypes Phenotypes
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Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
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- More Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of Independent Assortment Consider the following cross: P1: AABBCCDDEE aabbccddee F1: AaBbCcDdEe (self-cross to get F2) What is the chance of getting an AaBBccDdee individual in the F2 generation?More Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of Independent Assortment Two traits are examined simultaneously in a cross of two pure-breeding pea-plant varieties. Pod shape can be either swollen or pinched. Pea color can be either green or yellow. A plant with the traits swollen and green is crossed with a plant with the traits pinched and yellow, and a resulting F1 plant is self-crossed. A total of 640 F2 progeny are phenotypically categorized as follows: 360 swollen yellow 120 swollen green 120 pinched yellow 40 pinched green a. What is the phenotypic ratio observed for pod shape? Pea color? b. What is the phenotypic ratio observed for both traits considered together? c. What is the dominance relationship for pod shape? Pea color? d. Deduce the genotypes of the P1 and F1 generations.Sunflowers with flowers 10 cm in diameter are crossed with a plant that has 20-cm flowers. The F1 plants have flowers 15 cm in diameter. In the F2 generation, 4 flowers are 10 cm in diameter and 4 are 20 cm in diameter. Between these are 5 phenotypic classes with diameters intermediate to those at the extremes. a. Assuming that the alleles that contribute to flower diameter act additively, how many genes control flower size in this strain of sunflowers? b. How much does each additive allele contribute to flower diameter? c. What size flower makes up the largest phenotypic class?
- Crossing Pea Plants: Mendels Study of Single Traits Stem length in pea plants is controlled by a single gene. Consider the cross of a true-breeding long-stemmed variety to a true-breeding short-stemmed variety in which long stems are completely dominant. a. If 120 F1 plants are examined, how many plants are expected to be long stemmed? Short stemmed? b. Assign genotypes to both P1 varieties and to all phenotypes listed in (a). c. A long-stemmed F1 plant is self-crossed. Of 300 F2 plants, how many should be long stemmed? Short stemmed? d. For the F2 plants mentioned in (c), what is the expected genotypic ratio?More Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of Independent Assortment Determine the possible genotypes of the following parents by analyzing the phenotypes of their children. In this case, we will assume that brown eyes (B) is dominant to blue (b) and that right-handedness (R) is dominant to left-handedness (r). a. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed brown eyes, right-handed Offspring: 3/4 brown eyes, right-handed 1/4 blue eyes, right-handed b. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed blue eyes, right-handed Offspring: 6/16 blue eyes, right-handed 2/16 blue eyes, left-handed 6/16 brown eyes, right-handed 2/16 brown eyes, left-handed c. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed blue eyes, left-handed Offspring: 1/4 brown eyes, right-handed 1/4 brown eyes, left-handed 1/4 blue eyes, right-handed 1/4 blue eyes, left-handedTallness (T) in snapdragons is dominant to dwarfness (t), while red (R) flower color is dominant to white (r). The heterozygous condition results in pink (Rr) flower color. A dwarf, red snapdragon is crossed with a plant homozygous for tallness and white flowers. What are the genotype and phenotype of the F1 individuals? Group of answer choices A. TtRr–tall and red B. TtRr–tall and pink C. ttrr–dwarf and white D. TTRR–tall and red E. ttRr–dwarf and pink
- Make sure to include (genotypic ratios) For part A) make sure to have table or the phenotypic or genotypic ratios 5. In garden peas, green pod (P) is dominant to yellow pod (p) and tall stemmed (T) plants are dominant to short stemmed plants (t). Please give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios from the following crosses. a) Homozygous green pod homozygous tall stemmed plant crossed with a yellow pod (homozygous) short stemmed (homozygous) plant. b) Homozygous green pod homozygous tall stemmed plant crossed with a heterozygous green pod heterozygous tall stemmed plant. c) Heterozygous green pod heterozygous tall stemmed plant crossed with a heterozygous green pod heterozygous tall stemmed plant. d) Heterozygous green pod homozygous tall stemmed plant crossed with a yellow pod (homozygous) homozygous tall stemmed plant. These are dihybrid crosses. 7. In pea plants, flower colour and pollen shape are located on the same chromosome. A plant with purple flowers and…QUEJTIUIv 4 In tomato plants, tall vine (D) is dominant over dwarf vine (d) and round fruit (0) is dominant over oval-shaped fruit (o). Two tall, round-fruit shape plants (plants 1 and 2) are crossed with dwarf, oval-shape fruit plants. The results are as follows: PLANT 1 PLANT 2 Tall, round x dwarf, oval-shape Phenotypic classes Tall, round Dwarf, oval Tall, oval Dwarf, round Tall, round x dwarf, oval-shape Phenotypic classes Numbers Numbers 81 Tall, round 21 Dwarf, oval Tall, oval Dwarf, round 79 19 22 77 18 83 Total 200 Total 200 a. Why is there a difference in the proportionate number of plants in each phenotypic class of the offspring resulting from test crosses of plants 1 and 2? b. Calculate the recombination frequency between the genes D/d and O/o in tomatoes. c. Draw a chromosome map for these genes. (Use underscore (_) to draw the line for the map)What are the possible genotype and phenotype of offspring witha parent of two heterozygous tall pea plant? Legend: T- tall pea plant t- short pea plant1. Identify the genotypes of the parents 2. Complete the punnett square 3. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring. 4. What is the genotypic ration 5. What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring 6. what is the phenotypic ratio 7. What is the probability of having short trait.
- A white-flowered plant is crossed with a pink-flowered plant. All of the F1 offspring from the cross are white. 4. Which phenotype is dominant? 5. What are the genotypes of the original parent plants? 6. What is the genotype of all the F1 offspring? 7. What would be the percentages of genotypes & phenotypes if one of the white F1 plants is crossed with a pink-flowered plant? 8. Which of Mendel's Laws is/are illustrated in this question? 9. Which cross would produce phenotypic ratios that would illustrate the Law of Dominance? C. Tt x Tt A. TT x tt B. TT x Tt D. tt x tt 10. Mendel formulated his Law of Segregation after he had: C. produced mutations D. produced hybrids A. studied F1 offspring B. studied F2 offspringIn corn, a triple heterozygote was obtained carrying themutant alleles s (shrunken), w (white aleurone), andy (waxy endosperm), all paired with their normal wildtype alleles. This triple heterozygote was testcrossed, andthe progeny contained 116 shrunken, white; 4 fully wildtype; 2538 shrunken; 601 shrunken, waxy; 626 white;2708 white, waxy; 2 shrunken, white, waxy; and 113 waxy.a. Determine if any of these three loci are linked and,if so, show map distances.b. Show the allele arrangement on the chromosomesof the triple heterozygote used in the testcross.c. Calculate interference, if appropriate.Punnett Squares Practice Monohybrid Crosses DIRECTIONS: All these genetic probiems deal with pea plants and heir traits. Use the following kay for ail problems. Put the gametes for the 1st parent of each cross along the top, and the gametes for the 2nd parent along the left side. T= Tall ( = Short S= Smooth Seed = Wrinkled Seed G= Green Pod Y= Yellow Seed P= Purple Flower g= Yellow Pod 2. TT x TE y- Green Seed A= White Flower 1. PP x PA 3. Sa x Sa 4. yy x yy 5. Gg x Gg PP PA AP YY Yy 99 GG Gg gg SS Sa sa 8. heterozygous yellow seed x green seed TT TE 6. hybrid tall x short Te x t 7. purebrid tall x short TT x 9. hybrid green pod x hybrid green pod 10. hybrid tall x purebred tall YY Yy 99 13. heterozygous purple flowers x TT T TT TE GG Gg gg TT Te 11. purebred purple flowers x white flowers 12. hybrid purple flowers x white flowers 14. hybrid smooth seeds x hybrid smooth seeds 15. short plant x short plant white flowers PP PA AP PP PA AA phenotype ratios: PP PA AE Ss Se TT TE Purple…