A 37-year-old patient was hospitalized with the diagnosis "Infectious hepatitis". On examination: intensive icteric colour of the skin and mucous membranes is noted. In the blood is found an increase in indirect bilirubin, the fecal masses are discolored. Questions: 4. Describe the pathogenesis of patient's disorders in the pigment exchange. 5. What changes in hepatic transferase activity and bile acid concentration are characteristic for this pathology,
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- A 37-year-old patient was hospitalized with the diagnosis "Infectious hepatitis". On examination: intensive icteric colour of the skin and mucous membranes is noted. In the blood is found an increase in indirect bilirubin, the fecal masses are discolored. Questions: 6. Define the concept of liver failure. 7. What clinical manifestations of hepatic insufficiency should be assumed in the patient?A 32 year old female complained of chronic cough and hoarseness. Upon interview, it was learned that she also had burning sensation in her chest usually after eating which is usually worse at night. She usually has this sensation of lump in her throat. 1. What is the probable diagnosis?2. What part/structure of the esophagus is involved in this disorder?3. Explain the pathophysiology of this disease.4. What factors can aggravate this disorder?5. Give some medications effective against this disease.A 37-year-old patient was hospitalized with the diagnosis "Infectious hepatitis". On examination: intensive icteric colour of the skin and mucous membranes is noted. In the blood is found an increase in indirect bilirubin, the fecal masses are discolored. Questions: 1. List the main types of infectious hepatitis. 2. Specify the type of jaundice of the patient according to pathogenetic classification. 3. List all well known causes of this type of jaundice.
- A 44-year-old patient was hospitalized with a diagnosis "Pancreatic head tumor". On examination: there are icteric skin color and sclera, signs of weight loss. At palpation the liver is enlarged. The patient complains of skin itching. 4. Describe the disorders of pigment exchange, that are typical for this type of jaundice.5. Explain the origin of skin itching.6. What signs of hepatic insufficiency should be expected in the patient?7. Define the concept of "liver failure".Male, 50 years old, had undergone subtotal gastrectomy for gastric ulcer 20 years ago. In the recent half a year, he had upper abdominal distension after eating, black stool in the past 2 months, and wasting and fatigue. Physical examination: a 6×5cm mass can be reached under the xiphoid process. The texture is hard and can be pushed, accompanied by light tenderness. The first diagnosis considered is: Ulcer recurrence Postoperative input loop obstruction Output loop obstruction Remnant stomach cancer Gastric emptying disordersays that he is experiencing severe abdominal Pain especially after eating 2. What common cause of lower right abdominal pain was the pediatrician trying to rule out with the fecal test? (Hint: if he had this condition, his body temperature would have been high.) 3. Why would Nicholas' hematocrit be lower than normal? 4. How is Meckel's diverticulum different from other types of diverticula?
- A 43-year-old patient complains of pain in the right hypochondrium, periodic body temperature rises of up to 38°C, periodic icteric skin color changes, heartburn, nausea. Ultrasound examination revealed an increase in the size of the liver and gall bladder. Multiple small stones were found in the lumen of the gall bladder and bile ducts, Questions: 4. Describe the disorders of pigment exchane. 5. Can skin itching be typical for this kind of jaundice? 6. Explain the most likely mechanism of possible dyspeptic disorders in the patient. 7. What changes in the cardiovascular system are typical for this type of jaundice.Provide a detail analysis of the current or propective trreaments of the disease adenocarcinoma in regards to bowel cnacer (colon/rectum)Write aboute the following with pictures : 1. bile salts : definition , formation , fate , functions. 2. bile pigments formation through :- reticuloendothelial system : - blood . - liver. - intestine. 3. gallbladder function.
- A 63-year old presented to a local doctor with a history of alternating constipation and diarrhoea for six months, associated with a feeling of incomplete evacuation following defaecation and several episodes of bright blood coating her bowel motion. A diagnosis was made and a portion of the left colon and rectum was removed surgically. Discuss the aetiology and pathogenesis of the disease and what you consider the most likely cause of the presenting signs and symptoms. Also explain what complications might have ensued if the lesion had not been excised.Write aboute the following with pictures : 1. Liver function. 2. bile : definition , volume ,PH , composition and function. 3. bile salts : definition , formation , fate , functions. 4. bile pigments formation through :- reticuloendothelial system : - blood . - liver. - intestine. 5. gallbladder function.Define the meaning of the term "peptic ulcer disease". Discuss some of the risk factors that make people susceptible (including factors that protect the mucosa of the stomach/duodenum and those that cause damage to it. ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE: Accurate definition, e.g. mucosa break greater than 3-5mm in the stomach or duodenum with a visible depth. Discussion of factors e.g. infections (H. Pylori; others mainly in immunocompromised patients, e.g. cytomegalovirus ,tuberculosis, and syphilis), gastric bypass surgery, cigarette smoking, medication/drugs, physiological stress associated with critical illness (e.g. septicaemia), autoimmune diseases, eg, vasculitis, sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease. Discussion of factors e.g. protection: bucarb, blood flow, prostaglandin, mucus. Damage: H. Pylori, gastric acid, pepsin, drugs e.g. NSAID