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- This problem compares the energy output and heat transfer to the environment by two different types of nuclear power stationsone with the normal efficiency of 34.0%, and another with an improved efficiency of 40.0%. Suppose both have the same heat transfer into the engine in one day. 2.501014J. (a) How much more electrical energy is produced by the more efficient power station? (b) How much less heat transfer occurs to the environment by the more efficient power station? (One type of more ef?cient nuclear power station, the gas—cooled reactor, has not been reliable enough to be economically feasible in spite of its greater eficiency.)An electrical power plant has an overall efficiency of 15%. The plant is to deliver 150 MW of electrical power to a city, and its turbines use coal as fuel. The burning coal produces steam at 190C, which drives the turbines. The steam is condensed into water at 25C by passing through coils that are in contact with river water. (a) How many metric tons of coal does the plant consume each day (1 metric ton = 1 103 kg)? (b) What is the total cost of the fuel per year if the delivery price is 8 per metric ton? (c) If the river water is delivered at 20C, at what minimum rate must it flow over the cooling coils so that its temperature doesnt exceed 25C? Note: The heat of combustion of coal is 7.8 103 cal/g.Give an example of a spontaneous process in which a system becomes less ordered and energy becomes less available to do work. What happens to the system's entropy in this process?
- An electrical power plant has an overall efficiency of 15%. The plant is to deliver 150 MW of electrical power to a city, and its turbines use coal as fuel. The burning coal produces steam at 190C, which drives the turbines. The steam is condensed into water at 25C by passing through coils that are in contact with river water. (a) How many metric tons of coal does the plant consume each day (1 metric ton = 1 103 kg)? (b) What is the total cost of the fuel per year if the delivery price is 8 per metric ton? (c) If the river water is delivered at 20C, at what minimum rate must it flow over the cooling coils so that its temperature doesnt exceed 25C? Note: The heat of combustion of coal is 7.8 103 cal/g.A large electrical power station generates 1000 MW of electricity with an efficiency of 35.0%. (a) Calculate the heat transfer to the power station, Qh, in one day. (b) How much heat transfer Qc occurs to the environment in one day? (c) If the heat transfer in the cooling towers is from 35.0C water into the local air mass, which increases in temperature from 18.0C to 20.0C, what is the total increase in entropy due to this heat transfer? (d) How much energy becomes unavailable to do work because of this increase in entropy, assuming an 18.0C lowest temperature? (Part of Qccould be utilized to operate heat engines or far simply heating the surroundings, but it rarely is.)You are working on a summer job at a company that designs non-traditional energy systems. The company is working on a proposed electric power plant that would make use of the temperature gradient in the ocean. The system includes a heat engine that would operate between 20.0C (surface-water temperature) and 5.00C (water temperature at a depth of about 1 km). (a) Your supervisor asks you to determine the maximum efficiency of such a system. (b) In addition, if the electric power output of the plant is 75.0 MW and it operates at the maximum theoretically possible efficiency, you must determine the rate at which energy is taken in from the warm reservoir. (c) From this information, if an electric bill for a typical home shows a use of 950 kWh per month, your supervisor wants to know how many homes can be provided with power from this energy system operating at its maximum efficiency. (d) As energy is drawn from the warm surface water to operate the engine, it is replaced by energy absorbed from sunlight on the surface. If the average intensity absorbed from sunlight is 650 W/m2 for 12 daylight hours on a clear day, you need to find the area of the ocean surface that is necessary for sunlight to replace the energy absorbed into the engine. (e) From this information, you need to determine if there is enough ocean surface on the Earth to use such engines to supply the electrical needs for all the homes associated with the Earths population. Assume the energy use for a home in part (c) is an average over the entire planet. (f) In view of your results in this problem, your supervisor has asked for your conclusion as to whether such a system is worthwhile to pursue. Note that the fuel (sunlight) is free.
- A 65-g ice cube is initially at 0.0C. (a) Find the change in entropy of the cube after it melts completely at 0.0C. (b) What is the change in entropy of the environment in this process? Hint: The latent heat of fusion for water is 3.33 105 J/kg.Explain why a building made of bricks has smaller entropy than the same bricks in a disorganized pile. Do this by considering the number of ways that each could be formed (the number of microstates in each macrostate).. As a gasoline engine is miming, an amount of gasoline containing 15,000 J of chemical potential energy is burned in 1 s. During that second, the engine does 3,000 J of work. (a) What is the engine's efficiency? (b) The burning gasoline has a temperature of about 4,000°F (2,500 K). The waste heat from the engine flows into air at about 80°F (300 K). What is the Carnot efficiency of a heat engine operating between these two temperatures?
- Explain how water’s entropy can decrease when it freezes without violating the second law of thermodynamics. Specifically, explain what happens to the entropy of its surroundings.Show that the coefficients of performance of refrigerators and heat pumps are related by COPref=COPhp1. Start with the definitions of the COP s and the conservation of energy relationship between Qh, QC, and W.A freezer has a coefficient of performance of 6.30. It is advertised as using electricity at a rate of 457 kWh/yr. (a) On average, how much energy does it use in a single day? (b) On average, how much energy docs it remove from the refrigerator in a single day? (c) What maximum mass of water at 20.0C could the freezer freeze in a single day? Note: One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is an amount of energy equal to running a 1-kW appliance for one hour.